Transcript Goal 1: The learner will develop abilities necessary to do and

Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter 1
STARTER: 02/01/11
Copy and complete the
following statements…
 I have _________siblings.
 My favorite subject is_____________.
 My absolute favorite thing to do is come to school and
learn, but away from school, I really like to
______________________________________.
 My favorite candy is ___________________.
Syllabus/Rules/Procedure Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
How many competency goals are there in this course?
True/False: If I retake a test, I can earn a 100 as my grade.
Is late homework accepted?
What does being prepared mean?
Who dismisses class?
Name one area that is off limits unless you have permission.
What happens if I see your cell phone?
When does class begin?
What should you do before you leave the classroom?
How many bathroom passes do you have for the entire semester?
1.1 What Is Earth Science
 Key Concepts
 What is the study of Earth science?
 How did Earth and the solar system form?
 Vocabulary
 Earth science
 Geology
 Oceanography
 Meteorology
 Astronomy
 geo- (Earth)
 astro- (outer space)
 -ology (study of)
 -ography (study of)
 -onomy (study of)
Notebook Assignment 1.1-1
(Keep in notebook)
 Complete Inquiry Activity on page 1. Answer
questions 1-3
 Overview of Earth Science
 Earth science is the group of sciences that deals with Earth and
its space neighbors
 Geology means “study of the Earth.”
 2 main divisions:


Physical geology is the study of the make up and formation of the
Earth’s features.
Historical geology is the study of the Earth’s long history.
Compare and Contrast
Physical geology
Historical geology
Reading Checkpoint
 What are the two main areas of geology?
 Oceanography is the study of the oceans.
 Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and the
processes that produce weather and climate.
 Astronomy is the study of the universe.
Reading Checkpoint
 What are the 4 main branches of Earth science?
 Formation of Earth
 The nebular hypothesis suggests that the bodies of our
solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud
called the solar nebula. The nebula was made mostly of
hydrogen and helium.
•Gravity pulls
particles together. As
they collide the form
larger bodies.
•Heavier elements
formed the inner
planets, while lighter
elements were
combined farther
away as the outer
planets.
 Layers Form on Earth



Heat released from radioactive elements caused some of the
interior to melt.
Lighter rocky elements floated upward to form the crust,
while heavier elements sank to form the Earth’s core.
The gaseous substances that escaped during the formation of
these layers eventually formed our atmosphere and oceans.
Notebook Assignment 1.1-2:
 Using Figure 3 on p. 4 for a visual representation of the
nebular hypothesis. Read the figure caption, then use
the figure to describe the major steps in the nebular
hypothesis in your own words.
Reading Checkpoint
 Why does the Earth have layers?
Classwork Assignment
 Complete Section 1.1 Assessment 1-7
on page 5. You do not have to write
questions, however answer in
complete sentences.
STARTER: 02/02/11
The science of __________________ is the study of
the universe.
2. The study of the atmosphere and the processes that
produce weather and climate is
______________________ .
3. What does the word geology mean?
4. What do oceanographers study?
1.
1.1 Mini-Quiz
1. What is the study of Earth science?
2. What are the two main areas of
geology?
3. What are the 4 main branches of
Earth science?
4. Why does the Earth have layers?
5. How did the Earth and Solar System
form?
Using Figure 5 on page 7…
 Which of Earth’s features are visible from space?
 What does the color of the land that is visible tell
you about the climate in those regions?
 What other Earth features do you think would be
visible from space?
 Who might find images from space useful?
 hydro- relates to water
 atmos- relates to air
What do you think hydrosphere means?
What do you think atmosphere means?
1.2 A View Of Earth
 Key Concepts
 What are the four major spheres of the Earth?
 What defined the three main parts of the solid Earth?
 Which model explains the position of continents and
volcanoes and earthquakes?
 Vocabulary
 Hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, core,
mantle, crust
Group Assignment: (5 min)
Write down any feature you see in your picture.
Example:
-snow
-clouds
-trees
-etc.
 Earth’s Major Spheres
 The Earth consists of four major spheres:




Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Geosphere
Biosphere
 Hydrosphere


Water portion of the Earth.
97% ocean water, 3% fresh water.
 The 3% is groundwater, glaciers, streams, and lakes
 Atmosphere



Gaseous envelope around the Earth.
Reaches 1000 km above the Earth.
Protects us from radiation.
 Geosphere


The Earth beneath the atmosphere and oceans.
Divided into the core, mantle and crust.
 Biosphere


All life on Earth.
Organisms depend on and alter their environment.
With your group, determine which sphere each feature
belongs to.
Reading Checkpoint
 What are the four major spheres?
Notebook Assignment 1.2-1:
True or False
 The atmosphere contains all water on Earth.
 Groundwater is a part of Earth’s hydrosphere.
 Earth’s atmosphere does nothing to protect us from the
sun’s radiation.
 There is no crust under Earth’s oceans.
 Earth’s crust is the same thickness under land as under
water.
 The only layer of Earth that is solid is the crust.
 The biosphere affects all other spheres on Earth.
Group Activity (Honors)
 How have the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere
affected the biosphere?
 How have members of the biosphere affected the
geosphere?
 How have members of the biosphere affected the
hydrosphere and atmosphere?
 Does the biosphere influence the other spheres more
than the other spheres influence the biosphere. Explain
your answer.
DRAW, COLOR, & LABEL
 Draw, color and label Figure 6A & 6B on page 8.
 Plate Tectonics
 Two forces affecting the Earth’s surface:


Destructive forces such as weathering and erosion
Constructive forces such as volcanism and mountain building
 Plate tectonics gave geologist a model to explain how
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur, and how continents
move.
 Plate tectonics states that the lithosphere is divided into
sections called plates.
 These plates move across the surface due to the uneven
heating within the Earth.
1.2 Classwork:
 Answer 1-6 and 8 using complete sentences
on page 10.
 Honors Only: Answer 1-6, 8 and connecting
concepts.
HOMEWORK: Draw labeled pictures
illustrating each of Earth’s four major
spheres: hydrosphere, atmosphere,
geosphere, and biosphere. Be sure to include
Earth’s layers in your sketch of the solid
Earth.
STARTER 02/03/11
Think about a time that you felt
proud of yourself.
Tell me about it….
1.1/1.2 Quiz
1. What is the study of Earth science?
2. What are the two main areas of geology?
3. What is the difference between destructive forces
and constructive forces?
4. What are the four major spheres?
5. What are the 4 main branches of Earth science?
6. Why does the Earth have layers?
7. How did the Earth and Solar System form?
1.2 Mini-Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are the four major spheres?
What defines the three main parts of the solid Earth?
What is the difference between destructive forces
and constructive forces?
What model explains the position of the continents?
Where is the crust thinnest?
!!
EXTRA
CREDIT
!!
 http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/
navigation/home.cfm
 Investigations
 Chapter 1: How are Earth’s Spheres Interacting?
 Complete steps 1-8 and answer questions along the way
on your own paper.
 Due date: 02/11/11
1.2 Review
Term
1. hydrosphere
2. atmosphere
3. geosphere
4. biosphere
5. core
6. mantle
7. crust
Description
a. all life-forms on Earth
b. composed of the core,
mantle, and crust
c. dense, heavy inner sphere
of Earth
d. thin outside layer of
Earth’s surface
e. the water portion of Earth
f. the gaseous envelope
around Earth
g. located between the crust
and core of Earth
POSTER TIME!!!
 Make a poster showing Earth’s layers and Earth’s
spheres. You should label their drawings with the
following terms: crust, mantle, core, hydrosphere,
biosphere, and atmosphere.
1.3 Representing Earth’s
Surface
 Key Concepts
 What lines on a globe are used to indicate location?
 What problems do mapmakers face when making maps?
 How do topographic maps differ from other maps?
 Vocabulary
 Latitude, longitude, topographic map, contour line, contour
interval.
 Determining Location
 Global Grid


Latitude is the distance north or south of the
equator
 Drawn east to west but measures north
and south
 0⁰ latitude is the equator
Longitude is the distance east or west of the
prime meridian
 Drawn north to south but measures east to
west
 0⁰ longitude is the prime meridian
1. What is the latitude and longitude of point D?
2. What major city is near point D?
3. If an earthquake occurred near point D, are
people at point A likely to feel it? Why or why
not?
 Globes


Globes show the relative sizes and locations of
major formations (continents and oceans)
If made large enough to show roads the globe
would be too big to everyday use.
Where am I if I am at …?
1.
30˚N, 30˚W
6. 75˚S, 0˚E
2. 15˚S, 45˚W
7. 30˚S, 135˚E
3. 60˚N, 150˚W
8. 60˚N, 105˚E
4. 30˚N, 90˚E
9. 35˚N, 80˚W
5. 15˚N, 15˚E
10. 45˚S, 135˚W
 Maps and Mapping
 Maps are flat representations of the Earth’s surface.
 No matter what kind of map is made, some portion
of the surface will always look either too small, too
big, or out of place.
 Mapmakers have found ways to limit the
distortions.
 Different Projection Maps for Different Purposes

Which projection you use depends on the
intended use
STARTER 09/01/10: Copy the Chart in your notes.
Mercator
Projection
Robinson
Projection
Conic Projections
Gnomonic
Projections
-Longitude are
parallel causing size
and distance to be
distorted
-Most widely used.
-Are made by
wrapping a cone of
paper around a
globe at a particular
line of latitude.
-A piece of paper
touches the globe at
a single point
-Shows direction
accurately
-Used by seagoing
navigators
-Most distorted near
the poles
-Shows most
distances, sizes and
shapes accurately
-Most distorted
around edges
-Most distorted
farther from the
latitude
-Used for making
road maps and
weather maps.
-Distances and
directions are
distorted on these
maps
-Used by sailors
because they show
the shortest
distance between
two points.
– Mercator Projection
•
•
•
•
Longitude are parallel causing size and distance to be distorted
Shows direction accurately
Used by seagoing navigators
Most distorted near the poles
– Robinson Projection
• Most widely used.
• Shows most distances, sizes and shapes accuratley
• Most distorted around edges
– Conic Projections
• Are made by wrapping a cone of paper around a globe
at a particular line of latitude.
• Most distorted farther from the latitude
• Used for making road maps and weather maps.
– Gnomonic Projections
• A piece of paper touches the globe at a single point
• Distances and directions are distorted on these maps
• Used by sailors because they show the shortest
distance between two points.
 Topographic Maps
 Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation.
 Contour Lines




Every point on the same contour line is the same elevation.
The contour interval = the difference between two adjacent lines.
Lines that are close together = steep relief, lines that are farther apart =
gentle relief.
Contour lines NEVER cross.
Reading Checkpoint
 How do topographic maps indicate changes in
elevation?
Contour lines on a
topographic map.
Hachure lines represent
depressions.
 Scale


A distance on the map represents a distance in the real world.
 Example: 1:24,000 means that 1 unit = 24,000 units in the real
world
The bar scale allows you to use a ruler to measure scaled
distances.
 Geologic Maps

Maps that show the type and age of rocks crop out of the
surface.
 Advanced Technology
 Today’s technology provides us with the ability to more
precisely analyze Earth’s physical properties.
 Remote Sensing is the process of collecting data about
the Earth from a distance.
1.3 Section Assessment
 Answer 1-7 on page 17 using complete sentences.
Starter 1.3 Review
What lines on a globe are used to indicate location?
2. What major problem must mapmakers overcome?
3. How do topographic maps indicate changes in
elevation?
1.
Latitude and Longitude Review
1. the distance north or
south of the equator____
2. the distance east or west
of the prime meridian____
3. the line of latitude
around the middle
of the globe at 0
degrees____
4. the line of longitude
at 0 degrees____
5. the two hemispheres
formed by the equator____
6. the two hemispheres
meridian and the
180° meridian____
7. a spherical model
of Earth____
a. longitude
b. globe
c. eastern, western
d. prime meridian
e. northern, southern
f. latitude
g. equator
1.4 Earth System Science
 Key Concepts
 How is Earth a system?
 What is a system?
 Where does the energy come form that powers Earth’s systems?
 How do humans affect Earth’s systems?
 What makes a resource renewable or nonrenewable?
 Vocabulary
 System
What do you think
the term means?
closed system
open system
 What is a System
 Viewing the Earth as a planet with separate but interactive
parts is called Earth system science.

A system can be any size group of interacting parts that form a
complex whole.
 Most natural systems are driven by sources of energy that move
matter and/or energy from one place to another.


Closed system: only energy can enter or leave
Open system: energy and matter can enter or leave.
 Earth as a System
 The Earth system is powered by the sun and the Earth’s
interior.


The sun drives external processes that occur in the
atmosphere, hydrosphere, and Earth’s surface
The Earth’s interior drives internal processes such as
volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.
 Parts of the Earth system are linked so that a change in
one part can produce changes in any or all other parts.
Notebook Assignment 1.4-1:
Comparing and Contrasting
 Make a comparison chart, starting with the definition
of each type of system. Think of other analogies
between human-made and natural systems. Classify
each system as either an open or closed system.
Open System
Definition
Examples
Closed System
 People and the Environment
 Environment refers to everything (living or nonliving)
that surrounds and influences an organism.
 Environmental science is the study of relationships
between people and the natural environment.
 Resources


Renewable can be replaced in a relatively short time.
Nonrenewable either cannot be replaced or cannot be
replaced in a reasonable time.
 Population

As population grows so does the demand on limited resources.
 Environmental Problems
 Environmental problems can be local, regional, and
global.
 Significant threats to the environment include air
pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global
warming.
Concept Map
 Create a concept map showing how a volcanic eruption
(an event of the geosphere) can cause changes in all
the other spheres (hydrosphere, atmosphere, and
biosphere).
1.4 Section Assessment
 Using complete sentences answer 1-8 and on page 22
HOMEWORK:
Study for
Chapter 1 Vocabulary Quiz
1.4 Mini-Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is Earth system science?
How do we know that Earth’s systems are connected?
What are examples of nonliving environmental
factors?
How do humans affect Earth’s systems?
How do renewable and nonrenewable resources
differ?
STARTER: 02/07/11
 Complete Reading Strategy on page 23
1.5 What is Scientific Inquiry?
 Key Concepts
 What is a hypothesis?
 What is a theory?
 Vocabulary
 Hypothesis
 Theory
 Science is based on two assumptions:
 The natural world behaves in a predictable manner
 Through systematic study we can understand and
explain the natural world behavior.
 Hypothesis
 Data is gathered from observations.
 Scientist then need to explain the data with a possible
explanation or hypothesis.
 Before a hypothesis is accepted it must be tested.


If the hypothesis fails rigorous testing then it is discarded
If data support the hypothesis then it is passed to the next
round of testing.
 Theory
 A scientific theory is well tested and widely accepted by
the scientific community and best explains certain
observable facts.
 A scientific law describes an observed event.
 Scientific Methods
 An organized system for solving problems or gaining
new knowledge
 Basic steps are:




Observation and measurement
The development of one or more hypothesis to explain facts
Development of experiments to test hypothesis
Acceptance, modification, or rejection of hypothesis based on
results
CLASSWORK
1.4 Section Assessment on page 22, 1-5 (HONORS: 1-8)
1.5 Section Assessment on page 24, 1-5, (HONORS: 1-7)
All questions must be answered in complete
sentences.
HOMEWORK:
Study for Chapter 1 Test
STARTER 02/09/11:
Put in the Correct order…
 Conclusion
 Problem/Question
 Develop Experiment
 Communicate Results
 Observation/Research
 Collect and Analyze Results
 Formulate a hypothesis
 Earth science
 mantle
 geology
 Crust
 oceanography
 latitude
 meteorology
 longitude
 astronomy
 topographic map
 hydrosphere
 contour line
 atmosphere
 contour interval
 geosphere
 System
 biosphere
 Hypothesis
 Core
 theory
Studying Earth From Space (25)
 How are some ways scientific facts are gathered?
 What is ASTER and acronym for?
 What kind of information can ASTER provide?
 What is Figure 23 depicting?
 What colors indicate the presence of carbonate, sulfate, and
chloride minerals?
 What are the bright red areas dominated by?
 Based on the information given on what the colors indicate,
what is the composition of the most distant mountains in the
image?
 What do you think this image would look like in true color?
STARTER: 1.5 Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is a hypothesis?
What must happen to a hypothesis before it is
accepted?
What is a theory?
How does a hypothesis become a theory?
What is a scientific method?