Transcript LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. JAPAN

LESSONS LEARNED FROM
PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
JAPAN
PART 3: VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE JAPAN’S
COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
BENEFIT/COST FOR
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
TYPHOONS
FLOODS
LANDSLIDES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
REGIONAL MAP
542 OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
ARE LOCATED IN “RING OF FIRE”
Japan lies along the Pacific
Ring of Fire, a narrow zone
around the Pacific Ocean
where most of Earth's
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions occur.
VOLCANOES
VOLCANOES ERUPT EVERY YEAR IN
JAPAN AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX
INTERACTIONS OF THE PACIFIC,
PHILIPPINE, EURASIAN, AND NORTH
AMERICAN PLATES
JAPAN’S VOLCANO FACTS
• Of the 1,500 active
volcanoes in the world,
Japan has 108 of them.
JAPAN’S VOLCANO FACTS
• Japan experiences an
average of 10 volcanic
eruptions per year.
CAUSES
OF RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
CASE HISTORIES
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
VOLCANO RISK
•VOLCANO HAZARDS
•PEOPLE & BLDGS.
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
JAPAN’S
GOAL: VOLCANO
DISASTER RESILIENCE
COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
• PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EARLY WARNING
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• VERTICAL PLUME (can affect
jet aircraft)
• ASH AND TEPHRA
• LATERAL BLAST
• PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS,
BURSTS, AND FLOWS
VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS (can bury villages)
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing
famine and mass extinctions)
JAPAN’S MOST NOTABLE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
MOUNT UNZEN--MAY 21, 1792
MT. UNZEN
• Mt. Unzen’s eruption on May 21,
1792, was one of the worst in
Japan’s long history of volcanic
eruptions.
• Mount Unzen is located near the
city of Shimabara in Nagasaki
Prefecture on the island of Kyushu
MT UNZEN: 1792
REMEMBERING THE MAY 21,
1792’S DISASTER
• About 1 month after the lava from Mt
Unzen’s eruption stopped flowing, a
massive landslide on the flank of
nearby Mount Mayuyama swept
through ancient Shimabara City,
entered the sea, and generated a
tsunami.
• More than 15,000 people were killed by
the landslide and tsunami
JAPAN’S VOLCANO FACTS
• Mt. Unzen and Mt. Sakurajima are
considered to be two of the most
dangerous volcanoes in the world
because of their potential for a violent
eruption that would have devastating
impacts on the surrounding highdensity population centers..
SOME OF JAPAN’S CURRENTLY
ACTIVE VOLCANOES
• Mount Meakan
Mount Usu
Mount Asama
Torishima
Sakurajima
Suwanosejima
Oyama
SHINMOEDAKE ERUPTS IN
JAPAN
eruption began at 7:30 AM
Although called a minor eruption, it
was the largest eruption since 1959
JANUARY 26-31, 2011
SHINMOEDAKE; JANUARY
26-31, 2011
JAPAN HAS 104 ACTIVE
VOLCANOES
The 1,421-m
(4,662-ft) Mount
Shinmoedake is a part of the
Kirishima volcano complex
comprised of 20 active volcanoes
Mount Shinmoedake is
located on the border of the
Miyazaki and Kagoshima
prefectures
In the previous four months,
Miyazaki prefecture had also
suffered from an epidemic of the
H5N1 bird flu, and a foot-andmouth epidemic that was
expected to cause ~ $ 2 billion in
economic losses for the local
livestock industry.
The inflation of the
Shinmoedake volcano that
eventually culminated in an
eruption had been underway
since December 2009
May 10, 2010 to January 26, 2011:
~6 million m3 (0.006 km3) of magma
in a reservoir at 6 km depth ~10 km
west-nw from Shinmoedake and
another 1 million m3 (0.001 km3) of
magma at 3 km depth under the
Shinmoedake cone itself.
The eruption produced lava
fountains, andesitic lava flows,
lightning, and ash emissions
that reached a height of nearly
5 miles (7.5 km)
ERUPTION OF SHINMOEDAKE
IMPACTS
Approximately 13,000
hectares of farm land were
damaged by the falling ash
deposits.
Flights in the region were
canceled and 1,100 people in
the vicinity were evacuated
to gymnasiums and other
facilities in the town of
Takaharu, seven miles east
of Kirishima.
ERUPTION VIEWED FROM
TAKAHARU
TOWARDS DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION FOR VOLCANOES
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
• COST
• EXPOSURE
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
• EVENT
EXPECTED
LOSS
• BENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCES
POLICY ASSESSMENT
POLICY
ADOPTION
THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE:
1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,
2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM
4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE
EXPERIENCE AND START OVER
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE
A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.
AIR AND LAND MONITORING
TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL
.