Transcript Bacteriological analysis of the water in the Caño

Mario R. Barrera
George M. Rivera
Paola Tabaro
Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón
University of the Sacred
Heart
1 / march/ 2013
George M.
Rivera
Mario R.
Barrera
Mentor:
Prof: Mayra
Rolón
Paola
Tabaro
 Is an invaluable natural
habitat for the
Metropolitan area of San
Juan.
+ During the recurring years the
mangroves and lagoons stretched of
the Caño have been contaminated
and stretched out into smaller
measurements.
The deterioration of this area has
taken its toll on the residents
lifestyles.
 The decontamination of
the lagoon that boards the
community.
 Rehabilitation of the
estuary system.
 To broaden the
community’s knowledge of
the microbial presence and
the harms that can be
encountered.
 + To detect the presence of
pathogenic enteric bacteria
such as Salmonella and Shigella
SPP.
 + To acquire knowledge of the
microbial presence found in the
Caño Martín Peña.
+ Refine research skills
through different
bacteriological techniques.
+ Analyze and compare the
degree of contamination
found with past
investigations.
+ Raise awareness to the
community.
Hypothesis
 In the past year our fellow classmates were able to detect the
presence of Shigella serotypes A,B and C.
 The Caño Martín Peña has excessive levels of coliforms,
indicators of fecal matter that represent a hazard for the
community.
Hypothesis
+ Because of this information we can say there is a high
probability of encountering Salmonella and Shigella SPP.
Bacteria due to the high coliform levels resulting from
water contamination by fecal matter.
 Rod-shaped Gram negative
bacillus.
 Lactose fermenters with the
production of acid and gas
when incubated at 35-37°C.
 Easy to culture and their
presence is used to indicate
fecal contamination by other
pathogenic organisms in the
water.
 Total coliforms:
 Escherichia
 Klebsiella
 Serratia
 Citrobacter
 Fecal coliform:
 Eschericia coli
.
Salmonella spp.
 Rod-shaped Gram negative
bacillus
 Non-spore forming. Motile
enterobacteria
 Facultative anaerobes
 Hydrogen sulfide production
which can be detected on a
TSI growth media
Shigella spp.
 Rod-shaped Gram negative
bacteria
 Non-spore forming and non-
motile bacteria
Salmonella Pathogenicity
 Most of the infections are due
to the ingestion of
contaminated food.
 Salmonella is responsible for
various illnesses such as:
 Typhoid fever
 Paratyphoid fever
 Foodborne illnesses
 Enteritis Salmonella also
known as food poisoning
Salmonella.
Shigella Pathogenicity
 Most of the infections are
caused via ingestion.
 The illness is known as
Shigellosis.
 During infection, Shigella
typically causes dysentery .
 Invasion of Shigella
 Bacterial multiplication
 Spreading to epithelial cells
 Tissue destruction
Station #1
 Width : 8 Ft.
 Depth: 2.05 Ft
 Observations
 Boat nearby
 Carton Boxes
Station #2
 Width: 3 – 5 Ft
 Depth: 4 Ft
 Observations
 Current of water coming
from a pipe.
 Fishing traps
Station #3
 Width: 8 Ft.
 Depth: 2 Ft.
 Observations
 Samples were taken at the
shore, because difficult
access.
 Garbage bags
 Dilution of sample
 Membrane filtration
 Cultivation
 SS Agar
 MacConkey Agar
 EMB
 RVS
 Identification
 Enterotubes
Dilution
Membrane
Filtration
Cultivation
Pure sample
Diluted Sample 1:1000
 At 37º C.
 24 – 48 Hours
Salmonella Shigella
Agar
MacConkey Agar
RVS
EMB
Citrobacter freundii
Serratia plymuthica
 M1 – 30/ October/ 2012
 M2 – 28/ November/ 2012
 M3 – 7/ December/ 2012
 M4 – 30/ January/ 2013
 M5 – 11/ February/ 2013
Characteristics of the Colony
Bacteria
Salmon Colony
Klebsiella ozanae
Pink Colony
Enterobacter cloacae
Pink Colony
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pink colony
Enterobacter aerogenes
Transparent Colony
Shigella
Transparent Colony
Yersinia
Black Colony
Citrobacter freundi
Pale pink
Serratia plymuthica
Metallic Green
E. coli
Bacteria
Serratia marcenscens
Enterobacter aglomerans
Year
Quantity
Year
Quantity
2000
4,000,000
2008
118,000
2001
5,500,000
2009
3,335,000
2002
4,000,000
2010
6,800,000
2003
2,000,000
2011
60,000,000
2004
100,000
2012
69,000,000
2005
73,000
2013
25,333,333
2006
80,000
2007
57,000
Number of
bacteria/ ml of
water
 Station #1
 1 col in 10¯⁷ : 10,000,000 bact/ml
 Station #2
 4 col in 10⁻⁶: 4,000,000
bact/ml
 Station #3
 62 col in 10⁻⁶: 62,000,000 bact/ml
 Station#1


Pure > 100 col (TNTC)
Dilute: 5 col * 1000: 5,000 bact/100ml
 Station #2


Pure>100 col (TNTC)
Dilute: 40 col * 1000: 40,000 bact/100ml
 Station #3


Pure>100 col (TNTC)
Dilute: 3 col * 1000: 3,000 bact/100ml
Citrobacter freundi
Cedecea lapagei
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Yersinia enterocolitica
Citrobacter freundi
Cedecea lapagei
Enterobacter
agglomerans
Klebsiella ozaenae
Enterobacter agglomerans
 The high level of
contamination is due to:
 Stagnant water in
some areas.
 Sewage and water
discharge in to the
cano.
 Deposition of debris
into the community.
 From 2004 to 2008 the amount of
bacteria were less than a million/
ml of water.
 This could be due to the removal
of debris
 Effort of government and people
that lives in the community.
+ During our Research period we noticed a sudden
decrease in the level of bacteria.
+ Although we were not able to isolate colonies of
Salmonella, we did isolate Citrobacter freundi, Yersinia
enterocolitica and Shigella Spp.
+ Which are indicative of the severity of contamination
and a possible source of contamination with pathogens
to the residents of nearby areas.
 To maintain the movement of dredging and cleaning of the
entire San Juan Estuary.
 We saw that according to data, levels of bacteria were down
under a million. With a little of effort is possible to maintain
to provide a better life to the people.
 To Help organizations and people that live there in a constant
way not only, to show interest when elections are near.
 Http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/shigella/DSOO719
 Http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/enteritidis/
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 2005.
Shigellosis.
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/shigell
osis/
 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. May 2003. First Nations
Water Management Strategy. Http://www.aincinac.gc.ca/ai/arp/es/0506/fnwms/fnwms-eng.asp
 Public Health Agency of Canada:Notifiable Diseases on-line.
December 2003. Shigellosis. http://dsol-smed.hc-sc.gc.ca/dsolsmed/ndis/diseases/shig_e.html
 www.safewater.com
 World Health Organization. 2005. Guidelines for the control of
shigellosis, including epidemics due to shigella dysenteriae type 1.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241592330.pdf
 United States Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins
Handbook. January 2002. Shigella. Http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/
PNADO152.pdf