Transcript Health - Purdue University

Health
Animal Health and Disease
Sources of Information
• Keeping Livestock Healthy: A Vet guide
to Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Goats & Sheep.
Haynes. Publisher: Storey Books.
1994 ($15.96) (6.65 used Out of Print)
• Farm Animal Health: A practical Guide.
1991. Patrick T. Cullen. Pergamon
Press. ($74.95)
• Principles ov Vet Science. Keith. H.
Hoopes. 1997. (39.95)
• The Merck Veterinary Manual ($32.00)
• Dorland's pocket medical dictionary or
Steadman's medical dictionary ($30-50)
• Stockman's handbook - Ensminger
($91.25, used 42.00)
Health & Behavior
•Learn to observe behavior indicating health/disease
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Alert
Ears ‘normal’
Bright eyes
Head up
Contented,
productive
• Playful, easy
movement
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Listless
Dull eyes, pallid skin
Thin, no appetite
Diarrhea or no
bowel movements
• Skin rashes,
blemishes
• ‘Unkept’ haircoat
• Observe an animals bowel movements
– A change (looser, firmer, different color)
can indicate a coming change in health
4 Good Rules
• Learn to observe behavior & condition
carefully and routinely
• Spot problems EARLY
• Reduce Animal Stress
– Protection from environment, parasites,
injury
• Know WHEN to call for help
Sources of Help
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Veterinarian
ADDL (supports Vet services)
Extension Personnel
Help from State Chemist’s office, State
Veterinarian, etc.
Zoonoses
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Bovine tuberculosis
Brucelosis (undulant fever)
Psittacosis (parrot fever)
Rabies
Trichinosis
Q fever
Salmonellosis
others
Causes of Disease
• Genetics
– Dwarfism
– Hairlessness
– Hemophilia
– Mongolism
Nutrition
• Deficiencies
– Hypovitaminosis
– Mineral deficiencies
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Rickets
Grass tetany
Milk fever
Anemia
Goiter
Injuries
• Mechanical & thermal injuries
– Blows
– Cuts (wire?)
– Heat
– Irradiation
– Frostbite
Poisons
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Snake venom
Phenol
Arsenic
Salt
Urea (ammonia)
Castor beans
Locust trees
• Wild cherry, esp.
after frost
• Mushrooms
• Bracken fern
• Many plants & many
chemicals
Living Organisms & Disease
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Metazoan parasites
Protozoa
Fungi
Higher bacteria
Lower bacteria
Viruses
Metazoan parasites
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Intestinal worms
Heart worms
Tape worms
Kidney worms
Lung worms
Hook worms
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Ticks
Mites
Botflies
Liver fluke
Grubs
Protozoa
• Seldom do violent
damage – more
chronic
• Coccidiosis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Anaplasmosis
FUNGI
• Mostly skin and
mucous membranes
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Aspergillosis
Histoplasmosis
Ringworm
Mycotic abortion
Higher Bacteria
• Slowly progressive
and chronic
• Tuberculosis
• Glanders
• Actinomycosis
Simple Bacteria
acute, severe disease
• Anthrax
– Herbivores & Man
– DEATH
• Clostridial Infections
– Blackleg (highly fatal)
– Malignant edema
– Tetanus
• Man & animals
• Death
– Enterotoxemia
– Botulism
Simple Bacteria continued
• Streptococcus
– Strangles
• Horses
• Respiratory
– Strep Mastitis
– Genital infections
Simple Bacteria continued
• Staphylococal
infections
• Vibriosis
– Genital system
• Swine Erysipelas
• Brucellosis
– Bangs, Undulant
fever
• Salmonellosis
• Pasteurellosis
• Others
Means of control
• SOME bacteria are controllable by
ANTIBIOTICS.
• NOTE: Antibiotics are NOT effective
against viruses.
• SOME bacteria can be vaccinated
against (as can some viruses)
VIRUSES
• Neurotropic
– Rabies – all animals
FATAL
– Equine
Encephalomyelitis
– Pseudorabies
– Scrapie (not really a
virus – a prion)
– LCM lymphocytic
choriomeningitis
• Epitheliotropic
– Foot & Mouth Disease
– Vesicular exanthema
– Pox
Viruses (continued)
• Pneumotropic
– Swine influenza
– Bovine malignant
catarrh
– Chronic murine
pneumonia (rats)
– IBR (Infection bovine
rhinotracheitis)
• Pantropic
– Distemper
– Hog cholera
– EIA Equine
Infectious Anemia
(Swamp Fever)
– Virus Diarrhea
• Tumor Forming
Viruses
To REPEAT
• ANTIBIOTICS ARE NOT EFFECTIVE
AGAINST VIRUSES
• Some antiviral agents do now exist, but
are not yet used routinely for animals,
except for testing for human use.
Prions
• Prions are probably NOT living material
(viruses may not be either)
• Portions of protein
• Cause Mad Cow Disease, Scrapie
(sheep)
Normal parameters
• Temperature (F)
– Horse 99.5 – 101.3
– Cattle 100.4 – 103.1
– Swine 100.4 – 104.0
Normal parameters
• Heartbeats per Minute
– Horse
– Cattle
– Swine
28 – 40
40 – 70
60 – 100
Normal parameters
• Breaths per minute
– Horse
– Beef cow
– Dairy cow
– Pig
8 – 16
10 – 30
18 – 28
8 – 18
Back to Basics – about health
• Identify animals – it’s fundamental
• Keep records
Basics
• Plan a program for health
– To control disease
– To maximize profit
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Vaccination
Castration
Isolation
Sanitation
Herd replacement
• Use the professional advice of your VET
and of your Extension Service
• Know the Capabilities and Limitations of
Drugs
– Administer properly
– FOLLOW DRUG RESTRICTIONS
SANITATION
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CLEAN UP before applying disinfectant
Use an EFFECTIVE disinfectant
Clean floors regularly
Properly dispose of manure, bedding,
and dead animals
• Allow buildings to remain empty (3 wks)
to break disease cycle
• Quarantine NEW and DISEASED
animals
• Limit movement or contact with man
and animals that my carry disease
Keeping Animals Healthy
Cattle - Prevention
• Buy or breed healthy animals
– If possible buy direct from breeder
– When animals are sent to concentration
points
• Unfavorable environment
• Fed, watered irregularly
• Mixed with other animals
Preconditioning
• Prior to placing in feedlot
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Age
Origin
Procurement method
Vaccination history
Mgmt procedures applied
• MORE than just a NEEDLE program
• Carefully timed program of:
– Weaning
– Feed and water adaptation
– Immunization
– Treatment & reduced marketing stresses
• Want a healthy, disease resistant animal
that will readily adjust
Preconditioning Practices
• Surgical procedures
– Castrate & dehorn well in advance of
shipping
• Parasite control
– Treat for internal parasites
– Treat for grubs & lice
• Vaccinations
– Blackleg – malignant edema – clostridium
– Parainfluenza 3
– Pasteurella
– IBR
– BVD
– PROBABLY – work list with your VET
• Wean calves at least 3 weeks before
shipping
• Feeding
– Start on hay and grain at least 3 weeks
ahead
• Feeder must expect and be willing to
pay more for preconditioned animals
• Transport animals under the best
possible conditions
• Inspect animals immediately upon
arrival
• Give cattle access to water & long hay
– Also protein supplement
– Antibiotics help reduce disease
• Provide shelter
• Keep isolated from any other animals
• Remove and treat any sick animals
• A good animal husbandryman can
recognize when his animals are not
healthy
• A trained and licensed Veterinarian is
qualified to make diagnoses and
prescribe treatment