Transcript Document

Potential Occurrences
of Foreign Animal Diseases
in Wildlife
Angie Dement
Extension Associate for Veterinary Medicine
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Texas A&M System
College Station, TX 77843
http://aevm.tamu.edu
U.S. Threatened by Potential
Occurrences of FEAD
 Foreign Animal Diseases
 Not currently present in U.S.
 Accidental, intentional (bioterrorism) risks for entry
 Emerging Animal Diseases
 A new disease or a new form of an old disease
 Natural, accidental or intentional risks of emergence
 Commerce, mutation, environmental reasons
Types of Occurrences
 Natural
 Accidental
 Intentional (Bioterrorist Act)
Devastating Effects
of Animal Diseases
 Economic impacts
 Sociologic impacts
 Emotional impacts
 Political impacts
First Line of Defense
 Biosecurity
 Livestock owners
 Early detection and reporting
 Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC)
1-800-550-8242
24 hours a day, 7 days a week
Foot and Mouth Disease
 Highly contagious virus
 Spreads rapidly
 People not affected
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Devastating
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Emotionally
Economically
Sociologically
Politically
 Susceptible domestic and wild
cloven-hoofed livestock
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Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Domestic and feral swine
Deer
Llamas
 Transmission
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Aerosol
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Mechanical
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wind
people, vehicles, animals
Biological
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movement of infected animals
uncooked or undercooked meat products
 If an outbreak occurs – “Big and Bad”
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Restrictions
Quarantines
Eradication (Depopulation)
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Slaughter of animals
Proper disposal
 FMD Outbreak in 2001 in Great Britain
 Delayed response
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10,472 farms depopulated
4 million destroyed to stop disease
2.5 million “humanely” slaughtered
Over $13 billion
 Increased risks for entry
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Travelers
Meat products
Garbage
Bioterrorist
Mad Cow Disease
 Not contagious
 Reduced risks of entry and spread
 USDA regulations
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Feed bans
Slaughter bans
Import bans
Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)
 Also known as Hog Cholera
 Affects swine and javelina
 Reportable
 Viral disease
 Eradicated from the U.S. in 1978
 Routes of exit
 Semen
 Blood
 Saliva
 Feces
 Meat
 Routes of entry
 Ingestion
 Mucous membranes
 Broken skin
 In-utero
 Acute form
 Fever
 Lethargic
 Off feed
 Purplish discoloration of skin
 Ears
 Legs
 Abdomen
 Death in 10-21 days
 100% mortality in piglets
 Chronic form
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Unpredictable appetite
Fever
Diarrhea for up to 1 month
Secondary pneumonia
May recover only to relapse and die
Recovery possible
30-70% mortality
 Prenatal form
 Sows
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Transient fever
Loss of appetite
Piglets
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Persistently infected
 100% mortality
 Death in 6-12 months
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Mummified fetuses
Stillbirths
 Fences to separate domestic and feral pigs
 Properly cook waste food before feeding to
pigs
 Quarantine new pigs for at least 30 days
 Maintain good biosecurity practices
Anthrax
 Reportable
 Bacterial disease
 Worldwide distribution
 Endemic to U.S.
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triangle of Uvalde, Ozona, Eagle Pass, TX
 Affects numerous animal species
 Primarily domestic and wild livestock
 Zoonotic
 Bacterium - Bacillus anthracis
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vegetative bacteria in animal
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spore bacteria in environment
 Vegetative bacteria leave dead animal via
hemorrhagic exudates
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mouth, nose, anus and vulva
contain large numbers of bacteria
 Spores contaminate soil
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spores remain viable for decades
Incubation period is 1-20 days
Infections apparent after 3-7 days
Diagnosis
Ruminants:
Sudden death
 Staggering
 Trembling
 Dyspnea
 Fever
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Respiratory distress
 Convulsions
 Abortions
 Bloody discharge
 FATAL
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Pigs:
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Sudden death
Mild, chronic infections
Fever
Swelling
Enlarged lymph nodes
Usually recover
Dead animals:
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Sudden death – blood poisoning
Rigor mortis absent
Rapid decomposition – extreme bloat
Dark blood
Enlarged spleen
Non-clotting blood
People:
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Wound infections – carbuncles
 Burn carcass and bedding
 Don’t open carcass
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spores will not develop without oxygen
bacteria will decompose within a few days
 Vaccination of herd required
 Quarantine of herd required for 10 days
after vaccination
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)
 Endemic
 Viral
 Reportable
 Wide spread in white-tail deer
 Not contagious
 No vaccine
 Incubation period 5-10 days
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Viremic for 2 mos
 Biological transmission
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Biting midges
Some gnats
Some mosquitoes
 3 Forms
 Peracute
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Acute
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Fever, anorexia, respiratory distress, swelling of
tongue and conjunctiva, and die rapidly (8-36
hours)
Extensive hemorrhages, salivation, nasal
discharge, ulcers and high mortality
Chronic
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Lameness (crawling on knees), ulcers,
emaciation, but do recover
 Cases found in late summer early autumn
 Usually dies down with first good cold front
Biosecurity
 For all diseases implement and maintain
biosecurity practices
Questions?