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BASIC GENETIC CONCEPTS
Výukový materiál GE 02 - 44
Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková
Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
2014
BASIC GENETIC CONCEPTS
Simplified schema of protein synthesis – according to the information
contained in DNA of the specific gene an RNA-fibre, which goes
into the cytoplasm, where it serves as the pattern for the synthesis
of the particular protein



the basic concept
of genetics is a
gene (endowment)
it was first used by
W. Johannsen in
1903
gene = hereditary
transferable base
of a sign
SIGN - PHENOTYPE
signs: qualities of organisms or cells
 signs:
 a) morphological (shape and measures
of the body)
 b) functional (ability to practise a
function)
 c) mental (intelligence, talent, moral)

SIGN - PHENOTYPE
signs appear in various qualities (forms)
 the colour of petals can be white, yellow, ….
 so the colour is:
 a qualitative sign
 a monogenous sign > hereditary determined
by just one gene

SIGN - PHENOTYPE
other signs occur in various mass,
grades – quantities
 for example – body height, blood
pressure
 they can be different by different people
 because of that these signs are called
quantitative

SIGN - PHENOTYPE
quantitative genes are measurable
 they are hereditary determined by a
whole group of genes
 each gene has just a small effect >
 polygenous signs

GENE - GENOTYPE
signs like that are not transferred from
parents to descendants like that
 only endowments are transferred
 endowments – hereditary premises of
signs
 endowments – information for creation
of signs

GENE - GENOTYPE
material carrier of signs are genes
 genes:
 specifically delimited sections of nucleic
acids
 they determinate signs in their particular
qualities and quantities
 they occur in two or more particular
forms, shapes = alleles

GENE - GENOTYPE
the complex of all genes in particular
alleles is called its genotype
 genotype is always a wider complex
than phenotype
 genotype determines extension, mass of
phenotype possibilities of its carrier

GENE - PHENOTYPE
factors of environment can initiate,
suppress or modify some parts of genetic
programme, it means adapt them
 a standard sign cannot develop without a
genetic base by any organism
 the mass of heredity determination by any
sign = degree of heritability
 genotype + environment = phenotype

WORKSHEET
Simplified schema of protein synthesis – according to the information
contained in DNA of the specific gene an RNA-fibre, which goes
into the cytoplasm, where it serves as the pattern for the synthesis
of the particular protein
COMPLETE
THE PICTURE
SOURCES

ŠMARDA, Jan. Genetika: pro gymnázia. 1. vyd. Praha: Fortuna, 2003, 143 s. ISBN 80-7168851-7.