Transcript Biochemistry - Model High School

Carbon Compounds
BIOCHEMISTRY
I. Role of Carbon in Organisms
Organic compounds = compounds
 ___________________
that contain carbon
 Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Inorganic compounds = compounds
 _____________________
that DO NOT contain carbon
 Ex: vitamins, minerals, water
I. Role of Carbon in Organisms
4
 Carbon forms ___ covalent bonds to
become stable.
 Can join with other carbons
chains
to form straight ________,
branches or _______.
rings
 These structures may contain
__________
multiple carbon atoms.
 This makes many ___________
compounds possible
I. Role of Carbon in Organisms
Methane = the simplest carbon
 _________
compound (CH4)
Hydrocarbon = any molecule made
 _____________
hydrogen and ________
carbon atoms!
ONLY of __________
II. The Digestive System
 The digestive system
breaks down organic
compounds into their
building blocks
(__________).
monomers
 Body cells take the
monomers and put
them together in the
form the body can use
II. The Digestive System
 ________________
Macromolecules = extremely large
compounds made of smaller compounds.
 _________
Polymer = large molecule formed when
many smaller molecules (monomers)
long chains.
bond together, usually in ______
 Ex: carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids
POLYMERS
MONOMERS
(building blocks)
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
_________________
Protein
Amino Acids
_____________
Lipid
3 fatty acids
__________________
&
1 glycerol
__________
Nucleic Acids
_____________
Nucleotides
What do athletes eat the
day before a big game?
 Carbohydrates:
 Carb loading works because
carbohydrates are used by the cells to
STORE and RELEASE energy.
III. Carbohydrates
storage and
 Compounds used for _________
energy
release of ________
 Made of C, H, O atoms
3 types of carbohydrates:
1. ________________
Monosaccharide = C6H12O6
Simple sugar (6 carbons)
________
Ex: _______,
glucose
________,
fructose
galactose
_________
 Only form our
body can use
______
for energy
3 types of carbohydrates:
2. ________________
Disaccharide
= C12H22O11
Double sugar made of 2 simple sugars
________
lactose (milk sugar), _________,
maltose
Ex: _________
sucrose (table sugar)
_________
3 types of carbohydrates:
3. ________________
Polysaccharide =
monosaccharides
more than 2 _________________
Ex.
Starch - plant’s energy storing molecule
________
3 types of carbohydrates:
 __________
Glycogen - Animal’s energy storing
molecule
glucose
 Energy storage in the form of _________
 Found in the liver and skeletal muscle
energy between
 When the body needs ________
meals/physical activity, glycogen is broken
hydrolysis
down into glucose through ____________
3 types of carbohydrates:
 ________
Cellulose - provides structure in plant cell
walls (cannot be digested by human body)
What happens to CARBOHYDRATES
in the body?
 Broken down by the
digestive system into
monosaccharides
_________________
which are then absorbed
into the body through the
bloodstream where
_____________,
the body cells take the
monosaccharides and
energy
produce ________.
Lipids & Proteins
BIOCHEMISTRY
I. Lipids
 Commonly called _______
fats and _______
oils
 Contain ______
more C-H bonds and ______
less
carbohydrates
O atoms than _______________
 Ex. C57H110O6
Nonpolar; therefore
water
repel _______
insoluble
(__________)
I. Lipids
 ____________________________:
Functions of lipids in your body
 1. ____________
Long term energy storage (used when
carbohydrates are _____
NOT available)
Insulation
 2. __________
 3. _________
Protect
body tissue
(cushioning)
Which has more energy lipids or carbs?
TWICE as
 One gram of _____
fat contains _______
energy as one gram of
much ________
_______________.
carbohydrates
fats
Therefore, _____
are better _______
storage
compounds!
Fats vs. Carbs & Energy Storage
 1 gram of Carbs (glycogen) =
4 Kcal of energy
about ___
 A short term rapid
energy source
(sprint events)
 1 gram of Fats =
about 9 Kcal of energy
______________
 A long term energy source
(endurance events – marathons)
Types and Examples of Lipids:
Sterols - steroids
 1. _______
Waxes - bee, furniture, ear
 2. ______
Cholesterol - in egg yolks
 3. __________
Fats - from animals
 4. _____
Oils - from plants
 5. ____
Structure of Lipids
 Basic building blocks:
3 fatty acids + ____________
1 glycerol
 _______________
Fatty Acids
 _____________
 Long ________________
carboxyl
chains of carbon with a __________
group at one end.
Structure of Lipids
 One fatty acid:
3 types of fats:
 1. ________________
Saturated fats
= fatty acid chains
single bonds
of carbon with only ________
between the carbon atoms.
Bad Fats – cholesterol (heart disease)
 “__________”
 _______
Solid at room temperature
butter
 Ex: ________
3 types of fats:
 2. __________________
Unsaturated fats
= fatty acid
double bond
chains of carbon with ONE ________
between the carbon atoms
Good Fats
 “___________”
 ________
liquid at room
temperature
olive oil
 Ex: ___________
3 types of fats:
 3. ______________________
Polyunsaturated fats
= more than
one double bond between the carbon
atoms in the chain.
 Ex: nuts, seeds, fish, leafy greens.
Structural formulas for saturated
and polyunsaturated fatty acids:
What happens to LIPIDS in the body?
 Broken down by the
digestive system into
fatty acids and glycerol
______________________
which are then absorbed
into the body through the
bloodstream, where the
body cells take the fatty
acids and glycerol and
make needed lipids.
I. Lipids
 _______________
Triglycerides = majority of fat in
organism consist of this type of fat
molecules
foods or made
 Derived from fats eaten in _______
in the body from other energy sources like
carbohydrates.
I. Lipids
 Calories ingested in a meal and not used
immediately by tissues are converted to
triglycerides and transported to fat cells
to be stored.
energy vs.
 Storage – 3 month supply of ________
glycogen’s 24 hour supply.
I. Lipids
 Hormones regulate the release of
triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet
the body’s needs for energy between
meals.
Excess Triglycerides – Life Applications:
 Cause plaque to build up
Arteriosclerosis =
__________________
walls of the arteries
get thick and hard;
fat builds up inside
the walls and slows
blood flow
 blood clots
 heart attacks
 strokes
Excess Triglycerides – Life Applications:
 ____________
Hypertension
high blood
pressure
II. Proteins
 Large complex polymer composed of C,
H, O, N and sometimes S
 Monomers (basic building blocks):
amino acids
_____________
20 different
 ___
amino acids
Functions of proteins in our body:
Muscle contraction
 1. _______
oxygen
 2. Transport _______
in the bloodstream
Functions of proteins in our body:
 3. Provide
immunity
_________
(antibodies)
 4. Carry out
chemical
__________
reactions
What happens to PROTEINS in the body?
 Broken down by the
digestive system into
amino acids which are
___________
then absorbed into the
body through the
bloodstream, where
the body cells take the
amino acids and makes
proteins for muscles.
Enzymes & Nucleic Acids
BIOCHEMISTRY
I. Enzymes:
 A specialized type of _________
protein
Function in your body
 ________________________:
acts
catalyst = substance that
likes a __________
speeds up the rate of a chemical
________
reaction but it is NOT
____ used up in the
reaction.
I. Enzymes:
activation
 Enzyme(s) reduce ____________
energy = amount of energy needed
________
to begin a reaction.
Coenzyme = an organic molecule
 __________
____________
associated with the enzyme to
help in the reaction
______
I. Enzymes:
 Need an active site on the enzyme
Active site - attracts and holds only
 _____________
________
specific molecules called ___________.
substrates
 “Lock-and-key” system
I. Enzymes:
 Therefore, _________
enzymes enable
substrates to
molecules called ____________
undergo a chemical change to form
products
new substances, called __________.
I. Enzymes:
Example of the hydrolysis of
sucrose using the enzyme (sucrase)
I. Enzymes:
Competitive Inhibitors
 ________________________
=a
substance that _________
reduces the activity
active
of an enzyme by entering the _______
site in place of the ___________
substrate
______
mimics
whose structure it ________.
I. Enzymes:
survive without enzymes!
 Could not _________
(almost all chemical reactions in cells
require an enzyme)
Speed up the reactions in
 ____________________________:
 1. ___________
Digestion of food
Synthesis of molecules
 2. ___________
Storage and release of energy
 3. ____________________
I. Enzymes:
 _________
Enzymes are named for the
compound they work on.
 You drop the current compound ending
and replace it with ______.
-ase
I. Enzymes:
 For example:
 Lactose’s enzyme is _________
lactase
maltase
 Maltose’s enzyme is _________
sucrase
 Sucrose’s enzyme is _________
 _________
Amylase (in your saliva) is the
enzyme for starch
I. Enzymes:
2 Factors that affect enzymes
 ______________________________:
 - too high or too low will denature (break
apart) enzymes
 1. _____________
Temperature
pH
 2. ___
How does our body get energy from
the breaking down of molecules?
_________________________
Energy is released when a
chemical bond is broken
_______________________!
II. Nucleic Acids:
 Complex polymer that stores information
code
in cells in the form of a ______.
 Monomers (basic building blocks):
__________,
nucleotides which consist of C, H, O, N, P
 These elements are arranged in 3 groups:
nitrogen base ______________,
simple sugar and a
_______________,
_________________.
phosphate group
II. Nucleic Acids:
II. Nucleic Acids:
 1. _____
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
contains all the instructions for
organisms development . . . AKA
genetic information
 2. _____
RNA (ribonucleic acid) forms
a copy of DNA and is used for
protein synthesis (production)
_________