Transcript Organic chemistry

CP Biology:
Basic Biochemistry
Organic Chemistry
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Organic chemistry is the study of
carbon compounds.
Organic compounds are compounds
composed primarily of a carbon
skeleton.
All living things are composed of organic
compounds.
Organic Chemistry
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What makes carbon special? Why is
carbon so different from all the
other elements on the periodic
table?
The answer derives from the ability
of carbon atoms to bond together to
form long chains and rings.
Organic Chemistry
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Draw the orbital
diagram for the
carbon atom.
Organic Chemistry
Carbon can covalently bond with
up to four other atoms.
Carbon can form immensely diverse
compounds, from simple to complex.
Methane with 1
Carbon atom
DNA with tens of Billions
of Carbon atoms
What is Biochemistry?
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Biochemistry is the study of the chemical
interactions of living things.
Biochemists study the structures and
physical properties of biological
molecules.
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Often are involved in the manufacture of new
drugs and medical treatments
Elements in Living Organisms
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The most common elements found
in living organisms include:
Carbon (C)
 Hydrogen (H)
 Nitrogen (N)
 Oxygen (O)
 Phosphorus (P)
 Sulfur (S)
 Remember CHNOPS
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Biochemistry: where chemistry and
biology meet head-on
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Living things require millions of chemical
reactions within the body, just to survive.
Metabolism = all the chemical reactions
occurring in the body.
Organic molecules:
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usually associated with living things.
always contain CARBON.
are “large” molecules, with many atoms
always have covalent bonds (share electrons)
Macromolecules of Cells
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Macro = large
4 types of macromolecules in cellular
biology
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2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates
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Made up of simple sugars or groups of sugars
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Purposes: energy and structure
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Includes three types:
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Monosaccharide- only 1 sugar –quick energy Ex.
glucose
Disaccharide - 2 sugars (monosaccharides) linked
together – short-term energy storage Ex. sucrose
Polysaccharide - many sugars linked together.
long-term energy storage & form structures
Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates
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Polysaccharide Examples:
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Glycogen—glucose polymer stored for future
energy needs. Found in liver, muscle and
sperm, etc.
Cellulose—glucose polymer used to form
fibers for plant structures. Humans can’t
digest (fiber). Most abundant organic
molecule.
Chitin—glucose polymer for exoskeletons of
some crustaceans & insects.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Macromolecule #2: Lipids
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Insoluble in water (think oil & water)
4 types:
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Triglycerides (long-term energy storage, insulation)
Ex. fats & oils
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Phospholipids (primary component of cell
membrane)
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Steroids (cell signaling)
Ex. cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, etc.
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Waxes (protection, prevents water loss)
Ex. Used mainly by plants, but also bees, some
furry animals and humans.
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes
Macromolecule #3: Proteins
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The building blocks of proteins are AMINO ACIDS.
There are only 20 types of Amino Acids.
There are millions of different proteins, and they are
all built from different combinations of the 20 amino
acids.
Amino acids join together to form peptides,
polypeptides, and polypeptide chains.
Macromolecule #3: Proteins
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Probably the most complicated of all biological
molecules.
Serve the most varied purposes, including:
Support
structural proteins (e.g., keratin, collagen)
Enzymes
speed up chemical reactions
Transport
cell membranes channels, transporters in blood
(e.g., Hemoglobin)
Defense
antibodies of the immune system
Hormones
cell signaling (e.g., insulin)
Motion
contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin)
Collagen
Antibodies
Cellular Transport
Motion
actin & myosin
fibers in muscles
Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids
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Nucleotides: building blocks of nucleic acids.
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Each nucleotide contains
 (a) phosphate molecule,
 (b) nitrogenous base, and
 (c) 5-carbon sugar
Several types of nucleic acids, including:
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DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
 Genetic material, double stranded helix
 blueprint for protein synthesis
RNA: ribonucleic acid
 Genetic material, single stranded
 Helps make proteins
DNA
Nucleotide Structure