Transcript Carbohydrates

The Chemistry of Life
What are living
creatures made of?
Why do we have
to eat?
Regents Biology
2006-2007
Elements of Life
 96% of living
organisms is
made of:





carbon (C)
oxygen (O)
hydrogen (H)
nitrogen (N)
Other trace
elements
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Molecules of Life
 Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms
 What are bodies made of?

carbohydrates
 sugars & starches
proteins
 fats (lipids)
 nucleic acids

 DNA, RNA
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Why do we eat?
 We eat to take in more of these chemicals

Food for building materials
 to make more of us (cells)
 for growth
 for repair

Food to make energy
 calories
 to make ATP
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ATP
What do we need to eat?
 Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy
 for building & running bodies
carbohydrates
 proteins
 fats
 nucleic acids
 vitamins
 minerals, salts
 water

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Don’t forget water
 Water
65% of your body is H2O
 water is inorganic

 doesn’t contain carbon
 Rest of you is made of carbon molecules

organic molecules
 carbohydrates
 proteins
 fats
 nucleic acids
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How do we make these molecules?
We build them!
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2006-2007
Building large molecules of life
 Chain together smaller molecules

building block molecules = monomers
 Big molecules built from little molecules

polymers
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Building large organic molecules
 Small molecules = building blocks
 Bond them together = polymers
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Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
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How to build large molecules
 Synthesis
building bigger
molecules from smaller
molecules
 building cells & bodies

 repair
 growth
 reproduction
+
ATP
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How to take large molecules apart
 Digestion
taking big molecules apart
 getting raw materials

 for synthesis & growth

making energy (ATP)
 for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP
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Example of digestion
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
starch
ATP
glucose
ATP
 Starch is digested to glucose
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
 Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
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amino acids = building block
protein = polymer
Any
Questions?
Penguins
gone bad!
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Old Food Pyramid
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New Food Pyramid
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Newest Food Pyramid-It’s a plate!
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Carbohydrates
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CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Carbohydrates:
Energy molecules
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2009-2010
H
OH
Carbohydrates
 Building block molecules = sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
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Carbohydrates
 Function:

quick energy

energy storage

structure
glucose
C6H12O6
 cell wall in plants
sucrose
 Examples

sugars

starches

cellulose (cell wall)
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starch
Sugars = building blocks
 Names for sugars usually end in -ose
glucose
 fructose
 sucrose
 maltose
CH2OH

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H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
glucose
C6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
maltose
Building carbohydrates
 Synthesis
1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
glucose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two
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2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
maltose
Building carbohydrates
 Synthesis
1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
fructose
How sweet
it is!
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2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
BIG carbohydrates
 Polysaccharides

large carbohydrates
 starch
 energy storage in plants

potatoes
 glycogen
 energy storage in animals
poly = many

in liver & muscles
 cellulose
 structure in plants

cell walls
 chitin
 structure in arthropods & fungi
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
exoskeleton
Building BIG carbohydrates
glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
glycogen
(animal)
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
cellulose
hard to
digest
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enzyme
enzyme
Cellulose
 Cell walls in plants
herbivores can digest cellulose well
 most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

 that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
 cellulose = roughage
 stays undigested
 keeps material
moving in your
intestines
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Different Diets of Herbivores
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
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Helpful bacteria
 How can cows digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Eeeew…
Chewing
cud?
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Fistula-easy access
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High Fructose Corn Syrup
Per capita consumption
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HFCS Not all sugars are equally sweet

fructose 173%
sucrose 100%->Table sugar
glucose 74%
maltose 33%
galactose 33%
lactose 16%
 HFCS contains more fructose

Therefore, you need less
 HFCS cheap due to federal subsidies
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Let’s build/eat some
Carbohydrates!
Regents Biology
2009-2010