Transcript WUHSD Final Exam Review

WUHSD
Final Exam Review
2013
Semester 1
Ms. Martinez
LSHS
01/07/13
Investigation & Experimentation
Investigation and
Experimentation
1. Define
Hypothesis:
1. Define
Hypothesis:
a testable possible explanation of
an observation.
2. Define
Theory:
2. Define
Theory:
an explanation that has been
tested and confirmed many times
2a.What is a controlled
experiment?
2a.What is a controlled
experiment?
An experiment where all variables
are kept the same except one.
3. Why is a control group
important to have in an
experiment?
3. Why is a control group
important to have in an
experiment?
It is a part of the experiment that
is not tested and is used to
compare results.
3a. Define Independent
Variable
3a. Define Independent
Variable
The variable, on the x axis, that the
scientist is in control of.
Ex. time, temperature
DRY MIX!!
3b. Define Dependent
Variable
3b. Define Dependent
Variable
The variable, on the Y axis, that is the
RESULT.
Ex. # bubbles produced
DRY MIX!!
3c. Explain 3 possible
sources of errors in an
experiment.
3c. Explain 3 possible
sources of errors in an
experiment.
-person didn’t time correctly
-equipment doesn’t work correctly
-person didn’t add enough chemicals
-person used too many chemicals
-person didn’t use a control
4. What are the steps of
the scientific method?
4. What are the steps of the scientific
method?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ask a question
Form a hypothesis
Experiment
Observations
Data Collection
Conclusions
Retest, if necessary
Macromolecules
5. Define monomer:
5. Define monomer:
Small, simple molecules
6. Define polymer:
6. Define polymer:
Large, complex molecules made
from simple monomers
7. Fill in the chart below.
Polymer
Monomer
Carbohydrates
(Polysaccharides)
Amino Acids
Lipids
Nucleotides
Common
Example
7. Fill in the chart below.
Polymer
Monomer
Carbohydrates
(Polysaccharides)
Monosaccharide
Protein
Amino Acids
Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty
acids
Oils, waxes
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
DNA and RNA
Common
Example
Glucose, C6H12O6
Muscle, Enzymes
7a. What does
Benedict’s Solution test
for? How does it work?
7a. What does Benedict’s Solution test
for? How does it work?
In the presence of a
MONOSACCHARIDE
and HEAT, it
changes from BLUE
to Red/Orange
7b. What does Lugol’s
Iodine Solution test for?
How does it work?
7b. What does Lugol’s Iodine Solution
test for? How does it work?
In the presence of a
STARCH/POLYSACC
HARIDE, it changes
from BROWN to
BLUISH/BLACK
8. What is the function
of an enzyme?
8. What is the function
of an enzyme?
No Enzyme
Enzyme
-Is a biological
catalyst that speeds
up chemical reactions
by lowering the
activation energy of a
reaction.
**most end in –ASE
9. What factors can
reduce the effectiveness
of enzyme function?
9. What factors can
reduce the effectiveness
of enzyme function?
A change in pH, temperature, or
salts.
10. Describe the process
in the figure below.
10. Describe the process
in the figure below.
1.
substrate binds to the active site
2.
the reaction occurs
3.
the products are released
11. Does the enzyme
change during this
process?
11. Does the enzyme
change during this
process?
No
12. What happens to the
enzyme following this
process?
12. What happens to the enzyme
following this process?
It gets recycled
12a. What does
denature mean?
12a. What does
denature mean?
When the proteins’ natural
structure, its 3-D shape, is
permanently changed
12b. What is the
difference between a
catalyst and a Biological
catalyst?
12b. What is the
difference between a
catalyst and a Biological
catalyst?
Catalysts speed up reactions in
non-living things.
Biological catalysts (enzymes)
speed up reactions in living
things.
Cell Structure and
Function
Page 1 Completed.
 STOP!!
 DO NOT WORK AHEAD.
 We will review daily!
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13. What is the difference
between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
13. What is the difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes
•Smaller
•Simple
•No nucleus
•No specialized
organelles
Eukaryotes
•Larger
•Complex
•Nucleus
•Many
specialized
organelles
14. Give an example of a
prokaryotic cell:
14. Give an
example of a
prokaryotic
cell:
Bacterium
15. Give at least two
examples of eukaryotic
cells:
15. Give at least two
examples of eukaryotic
cells:
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
16. What is a virus?
16. What describes a
virus?
Protein coat and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
17. Why are viruses not
considered living cells?
17. Why are viruses not
considered living cells?
They are not made of cells.
17a. Identify each
structure.
4
5
17a. Identify each
structure.
1. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
3. Mitochondrion
2. Nucleus
4. Golgi apparatus
5. Plasma Membrane
4
5
18. What is the function
of a ribosome?
18. What is the function
of a ribosome?
ribosomes synthesize proteins
19. What is the function
of the endoplasmic
reticulum? (Letter G)
19. What is the function of the
endoplasmic reticulum?
transports proteins throughout the
cell.
20. What is the function
of the Golgi apparatus?
(Letter C)
20. What is the function
of the Golgi apparatus?
It packages and prepares proteins
for export out of the cell.
21. What are the
functions of the cell
membrane?
21. What are the
functions of the cell
membrane?
is responsible for maintaining
homeostasis in cells
22. Define semipermeable:
22. Define semipermeable:
it allows only certain molecules to
pass through.
22a. Which direction do
molecules move during
PASSIVE Transport?
22a. Which direction do molecules move during
PASSIVE Transport?
A
Molecules
B
From HIGH
concentration
to LOW
concentration;
WITH THE
CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT
Selectively permeable membrane
22b. Which direction do
molecules move during
Active Transport?
22b. Which direction do molecules move during
Active Transport?
A
Molecules
B
From LOW
concentration
to HIGH
concentration;
AGAINST THE
CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT
Selectively permeable membrane
22c. Does Passive
Transport require ATP?
Active Transport?
22c. Does Passive
Transport require ATP?
Active Transport?
Passive—NO
Active--YES
22d. What is Osmosis?
22d. What is Osmosis?
the diffusion of water
through a selectively
permeable membrane
TREE and ELEPHANT STAMPS
CELLULAR
ENERGY
Cellular Energy (Cell Biology 1f,g)
23. What is the overall
chemical reaction of
photosynthesis?
23. What is the overall
chemical reaction of
photosynthesis?
Light Energy
+ 6H2O + 6CO2
6O2 + C6H12O6
24. Rewrite the equation
above using words (instead of
chemical formulas).
Light Energy
+ 6H2O + 6CO2
Light Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide
6O2 + C6H12O6
Oxygen +Glucose
25. What role does
chlorophyll have in
photosynthesis?
25. What role does
chlorophyll have in
photosynthesis?
is the major light-absorbing
pigment in plant photosynthesis
26. In which
macromolecule group
does glucose belong?
26. In which
macromolecule group
does glucose belong?
Carbohydrates
(Sugars ends in –ose and
so does gross!!)
27. What is the overall
chemical reaction of
cellular respiration?
27. What is the overall
chemical reaction of cellular
respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
28. Rewrite the equation above using
words (instead of chemical formulas).
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose + Oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
29. What are the three main stages
of cellular respiration (in order)?
# 1,3, and 5
29. What are the three main stages
of cellular respiration (in order)?
# 1,3, and 5
Glycolysis
(Cytoplasm)
Krebs Cycle
(Matrix)
Electron Transport
(Cristae/Inner Membrane)
30. What is the main
end product of cellular
respiration?
30. What is the main
end product of cellular
respiration?
ATP
31. What was broken
down to produce ATP?
31. What was broken
down to produce ATP?
Glucose, C6H12O6
Page 2 Completed.
 STOP!!
 DO NOT WORK AHEAD.
 We will review daily!
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DNA and PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
DNA & Protein Synthesis (Cell Biology 1d, Genetics 4a-e & 5a-c)
32. Label the
parts of the
DNA molecule
to the right.
32. Label the
parts of the DNA
molecule to the
right.
A,B,C,D= Base Pairs
E=Alternating Phosphate
and Sugar molecules
F=Nucleotide (Phosphate,
Sugar, Base)
33. Do all cells in a
person contain the same
DNA sequence?
33. Do all cells in a
person contain the same
DNA sequence?
YES!!
33a. Do all cells express
the same genes?
YES!!
33a. Do all cells express
the same genes?
No.
34. If all cells of a
multicellular organism
contain the same genes,
explain how they appear
and function differently?
34. If all cells of a multicellular
organism contain the same
genes, explain how they appear
and function differently?
-cells only transcribe those portions
of genes that they need
35. Describe the
nitrogen base-pairing
rules for DNA.
35. Describe the
nitrogen base-pairing
rules for DNA.
Guanine with cytosine
Adenine with thymine
(GCAT)
36. The
process of
information
encoded in
DNA being
rewritten as
mRNA is
called
.
36. The
process of
information
encoded in
DNA being
rewritten as
mRNA is
called Transcription
.
37. Determine the mRNA
sequence that would be
produced from this original
template DNA strand.
DNA = 5`ATG-GCT-A 3`
mRNA= ?
37. Determine the mRNA
sequence that would be
produced from this original
template DNA strand.
DNA = 5`ATG – GCT - A 3`
mRNA=3`UAC - CGA - U 5`
38. What are the 3 main
differences between
DNA and RNA?
38. What are the 3 main
differences between DNA and
RNA?
DNA
RNA
Shape
Double Helix
Linear
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Bases
GCAT
GCAU
39. The process
of cells using
information from
mRNA to
produce proteins
is called_
.
39. The process
of cells using
information from
mRNA to
produce proteins
is called_Translation.
40. Label
each of the
parts in the
diagram to
the right.
40. Label each
of the parts in
the diagram to
the right.
F=mRNA
G=Ribosome
E=Codon
D=Amino acid
C=tRNA
A=Polypeptide/Protein B=Peptide Bond
41. What type of bonds
connect amino acids to
produce a protein?
41. What type of bonds connect
amino acids to produce a
protein?
Peptide Bonds
Polypeptide/Protein
42. Which
amino acids
would the
mRNA
sequence
UCA-AUG-GAG
produce?
42. Which
amino acids
would the
mRNA sequence
UCA-AUG-GAG
produce?
Ser-Met-Glu
43. List all
mRNA codons
that code for
the amino acid
alanine.
43. List all
mRNA codons
that code for
the amino acid
alanine.
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
44. What is the reason
for so many different
proteins existing,
when there are only 20
amino acids?
44. What is the reason for so
many different proteins existing,
when there are only 20 amino
acids?
-Each protein is made from a different
combination and number of amino
acids.
45. Define mutation:
45. Define mutation:
-A natural process that produces
genetic diversity.
-Most mutation are harmless.
46. What are 2 types of
mutations?
46. What are 2 types of
mutations?
47. What are some
possible causes of
mutations?
47. What are some
possible causes of
mutations?
Over exposure to UV light,
smoking, drinking, x-rays,
genetics
48. What could happen
as a result of a
mutation?
48. What could
happen as a
result of a
mutation?
The amino acid
sequence can change
and a different protein
expressed.
NORMAL
Sickle Cell
49. Inserting foreign
DNA into an organism is
known as
.
49. Inserting foreign
DNA into an organism is
known as
.
Genetic Engineering
50. Give an example of
how the process above
can be beneficial.
50. Give an example of
how the process above
can be beneficial.
1. To make medicine
2. To make new and better plants and animals
3. To cure diseases
ROCK STAR STAMP
Meiosis and Genetics
Meiosis & Genetics (Genetics 2a-f)
51. Define
chromosome:
51. Define
chromosome:
X-like structure made of
DNA and Proteins
52. Define meiosis:
52. Define meiosis:
-The process that changes the chromosome
number from Diploid, 2n, to Haploid, n.
-To produce haploid gametes [sex cells]
53. Which cells undergo
meiosis?
53. Which cells undergo
meiosis?
-Males=Spermatogonia,2n, to
make sperm,n
-Females=Oogonia, 2n, to make
an egg,n
54. Define diploid:
54. Define diploid:
2n=Full set of chromosomes
found in any somatic cell of an
organism
55. Define haploid:
55. Define haploid:
-Half the number of chromosomes
found in a diploid cell.
-Sex cells have a haploid number
of chromosomes.
56. Describe
what is
occurring and
the types of
cells that would
be produced in
the diagram to
the right.
2n
n
n
n
n
56. Describe
what is occurring
and the types of
cells that would
be produced in
the diagram to
the right.
2n
n
-Crossing-over
-Gametes (egg,n, and sperm,n)
are made
n
n
n
57. What is the
difference between
somatic cells and sex
cells?
57. What is the
difference between
somatic cells and sex
cells?
-Somatic Cells=2n, any cell except
sex cells
-Sex cells=n, egg and sperm only
58. Sperm cells and egg
cells can also be called
.
58. Sperm cells and egg
cells can also be called
.
Gametes
Or
Sex Cells or
Reproductive Cells
59. Which process occurring
during prophase 1 of meiosis
does this diagram represent?
How do you know?
59. Which process occurring
during prophase 1 of meiosis
does this diagram represent?
How do you know?
-Crossing-over
-Chromatids are exchanging alleles
60. A plant has a genotype
of TtPp, list all possible
genetic combinations found
in the gametes produced:
60. A plant has a genotype
of TtPp, list all possible
genetic combinations found
in the gametes produced:
TP
Tp
tP
tp
61. Define allele:
61. Define allele:
-different versions of a gene
Ex Gene: Flower color
alleles: A=purple a=white
62. How many alleles of
each gene are passed on
from each parent to make a
child’s genotype? Give an
example.
62. How many alleles of each
gene are passed on from each
parent to make a child’s
genotype? Give an example.
-Half from each parent
-ex hair color, eye color
63. Why is random
chromosome
segregation an
important part of
meiosis?
63. Why is random
chromosome segregation
an important part of
meiosis?
-it ensures
a gamete does NOT get two copies
of the same allele since it only needs half
64. Describe the process
of fertilization (include
number of chromosomes
and cell types involved).
64. Describe the process
of fertilization (include
number of chromosomes
and cell types involved).
Egg (23) + Sperm (23) = Zygote (46)
Or
n + n = 2n
65. How many pairs of
autosomes are found in
female body cells?
What are the sex
chromosomes?_______
65. How many pairs of
autosomes are found in
female body cells?
22 pairs (44)
What are the sex
chromosomes? XX (1)
66. How many pairs of
autosomes are found in
male body cells?
What are the sex
chromosomes?_______
66. How many pairs of
autosomes are found in male
body cells?
22 pairs (44)
What are the sex
chromosomes? XY (1)
Guys are XY!!
67. Which sex
chromosome must a
father pass on, in order
to be sure he has a son?
67. Which sex chromosome
must a father pass on, in
order to be sure he has a son?
Guys are XY!!
Y!!
TRICK OR TREAT STAMP
BIOTECHNOLOGY
68. In Gel Electrophoresis, DNA fragments are placed in
wells at one end of the gel. A current is run through
the gel. The negatively charged DNA molecules move
toward the positive end. The smallest fragments move
farthest. Below, sketch and label the above concepts.
68. In Gel Electrophoresis, DNA fragments are placed in
wells at one end of the gel. A current is run through
the gel. The negatively charged DNA molecules move
toward the positive end. The smallest fragments move
farthest. Below, sketch and label the above concepts.
wells
69. During Bacterial Transformation, plasmids are taken
out of bacterial cells. Plasmids are small circular pieces
of bacteria DNA. These plasmids are cut using
restriction enzymes. A foreign gene is inserted into the
plasmids. The plasmids, which are now recombinant
DNA, are then inserted into other bacteria cells. Below,
sketch and label the above concepts.
69. During Bacterial
Transformation, plasmids are
taken out of bacterial cells.
Plasmids are small circular
pieces of bacteria DNA.
These plasmids are cut using
restriction enzymes. A
foreign gene is inserted into
the plasmids. The plasmids,
which are now recombinant
DNA, are then inserted into
other bacteria cells. Below,
sketch and label the above
concepts.
70. What is polymerase
chain reaction (PCR)?
70. What is polymerase
chain reaction (PCR)?
A technique in molecular biology
to amplify millions of DNA copies.
71. _______________ are parts of
DNA our body uses for everything.
_____________ are non-coding
regions of DNA or “Junk DNA.”
Exons
71. _______________ are parts of
DNA our body uses for everything.
Introns
_____________
are non-coding
regions of DNA or “Junk DNA.”
MONKEY STAMP
I&E
72. Define a
Qualitative
Observation
72. Define a
Qualitative
Observation
The process of gathering
information about events using
senses.
73. List your OWN
example of a Qualitative
Observation.
73. List your OWN
example of a Qualitative
Observation.
She is tall.
The house is old.
I am cold.
74. Define a
Quantitative
Observation.
74. Define a
Quantitative
Observation.
The process of gathering
information about events
using numbers.
75. List your OWN
example of a
Quantitative
Observation.
75. List your OWN
example of a
Quantitative
Observation.
He is 5’11” in height.
It is 72°F outside.
The experiment was conducted 5
times.
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76.______Two students were testing the amount of
fertilizer that would best promote the growth of
strawberries in a garden. Which of the following could be
an unavoidable source of experimental error?
A length of the study
B variation in the strawberry plants
C the cost of watering the plants
D fertilization during the study
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76.______Two students were testing the amount of
fertilizer that would best promote the growth of
strawberries in a garden. Which of the following could be
an unavoidable source of experimental error?
A length of the study
B variation in the strawberry plants
C the cost of watering the plants
D fertilization during the study
77. ______In most stable freshwater environments,
populations of Daphnia are almost entirely female and
reproduce asexually. However, males are observed in
low oxygen environments or when food is scarce. Based
on these observations, a researcher suggests that male
Daphnia develop in response to unfavorable
environmental conditions. This is an example of:

A result.

B theory.
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C procedure.
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D hypothesis.
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77. ______In most stable freshwater environments,
populations of Daphnia are almost entirely female and
reproduce asexually. However, males are observed in
low oxygen environments or when food is scarce. Based
on these observations, a researcher suggests that male
Daphnia develop in response to unfavorable
environmental conditions. This is an example of:
A result.
B theory.
C procedure.
D hypothesis.
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78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.

A. What was the initial observation?
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78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.
A. What was the initial observation?
Shower is covered in strange green Slime.
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78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.

Identify theB. Control Group:


78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.
Identify theB. Control Group:
side of the shower sprayed with water
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
78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.

Identify theC. Independent Variable:


78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.
Identify the C. Independent Variable:
3 days of treatment
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78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.
Identify theD. Dependent Variable:
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78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.
Identify theD. Dependent Variable:
 Green slime
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
78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.
Identify the E. What should Homer's conclusion be?
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78. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that
coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer
decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower
with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is
no change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.
Identify the E. What should Homer's conclusion
be?
Barney is a liar! Coconut juice doesn’t get
rid of green slime!
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