Transcript chapter 5 Harrison ppt sleep

STATES OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
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CHAPTER 5
CONSCIOUSNESS IS
Awareness or state which a person
is awake
Could be due to:
Sensory awareness
Inner awareness
Sense of self which each person
experiences
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SELECTIVE ATTENTION
 Focusing
on a
particular stimulus

What you pay
attention to
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LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
A. Preconscious level
Not in your awareness at the moment but able to recall them
Example: what did you eat for lunch yesterday
B. Unconscious level (Subconscious)
Unavailable to awareness
Example: Being mad at a parent but not really knowing why
Turns out that parent was not there for you when you
were sick and you are still upset about it
C. Nonconscious level
Things that you will not be aware of
Example: your finger nails growing (feeling them grow)
Example: your pupils getting smaller
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III. ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
A. Where a person’s sense of self or sense of the world
changes
 Examples include:
 When you doze off and are no longer conscious of
what is going on around you
 When you are asleep
 If an individual is under the influence of drugs
 During meditation, hypnosis, sensory deprivation or
starvation
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SLEEP & DREAMS
I. Circadian rhythms are:
Your natural biological
rhythms
Your natural 24 hour
clock
II. Circadian rhythms
include:
body temperature,
blood pressure, sleepiness
and wakefulness
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SLEEP STAGES
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we
pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
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Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
AWAKE & ALERT
During strong mental engagement, the brain
exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta
waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a
conversation shows beta activity.
Beta Waves
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 Lightest
STAGE 1
Click dude for alpha
Waves.
stage of sleep
 Kind of awake and kind of
asleep
Click to see an
awake brain.
 Alpha waves
 Produces mild
hallucinations, like a feeling
of falling or floating
because of brief periods of
alpha waves, similar to
those present while awake
 consists mostly of theta
waves (high amplitude, low
frequency (slow))
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This is experienced as falling to sleep and
is a transition stage between wake and
sleep.
It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes
and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a
normal night of sleep.
eyes begin to roll slightly.
consists mostly of theta waves (high
amplitude, low frequency (slow))
brief periods of alpha waves, similar to
those present while awake
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STAGE 2
Fully
asleep
Begin to show sleep
spindles…short bursts
of rapid brain waves.
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STAGE 3 & STAGE 4
 Slow wave sleep. It is called "slow
wave" sleep because brain activity
slows down dramatically from the
"theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a
much slower rhythm called "delta"
and the height or amplitude of
the waves increases dramatically.
 Deepest sleep.
 If awoken you will be very groggy.
 Vital for restoring body’s growth
hormones and good overall health.
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REM SLEEP
 Dream
sleep
 Often called
paradoxical sleep
because your brain is
so active it seems like
you are awake..
 Brain is very active,
body is essentially
paralyzed.
 Vivid Dreams can
occur.
 We move from here
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back to Stage 2.
STAGES
 Stage

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Deep Sleep (Deepest
stage of sleep)
 REM

3
Deep sleep
 Stage

2
We spend the most time
in stage 2 sleep
 Stage

1
SLEEP
lightest stage of sleep
 Stage

OF
sleep
Dream sleep
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WHY DO WE SLEEP?
We spend one-third of
our lives sleeping.
Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
We sleep to help the
immune system, to
help our bodies
function normally, and
to help with
concentration
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SLEEP DEPRIVATION
1. Fatigue and subsequent death.
2. Impaired concentration.
3. Emotional irritability.
4. Depressed immune system.
5. Greater vulnerability.
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SLEEP THEORIES
1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when
predators loomed about kept our ancestors out
of harm’s way.
2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and
repair brain tissue.
3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and
rebuilds our fading memories.
4. Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary
gland releases growth hormone. Older people
release less of this hormone and sleep less.
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DREAMS
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FREUD’S THEORY OF DREAMS
 Dreams
are a
roadway into our
unconscious.
 Manifest Content
(storyline)
 Latent Content
(underlying meaning)
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ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS THEORY
 Our
Cerebral Cortex
is trying to interpret
random electrical
activity we have
while sleeping.
That is why dreams
sometimes make no
sense.
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INFORMATION-PROCESSING THEORY
 Dreams
are a way to
deal with the stresses
of everyday life.
 We tend to dream
more when we are
more stressed.
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Physiological Function
theory:
Dreams provide the
sleeping brain with
periodic stimulation
to develop and
preserve neural
pathways. Neural
networks of newborns
are quickly
developing; therefore,
they need more sleep.
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4.
Cognitive Development theory: Some researchers
argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and
cognitive development.
All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When
deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep,
we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.
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DREAM THEORIES
Summary
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SLEEP DISORDERS
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INSOMNIA
 Persistent
problems
falling asleep
 Inability to fall
asleep or stay asleep
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NIGHT TERRORS
 Wake
up from a deep
sleep.
 May feel panic
 May wake up
screaming and have
no idea why.
 Not a nightmare.
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SOMNAMBULISM
 Sleep
Walking
 Most often occurs during
the first few hours of
sleeping and in stage 4
(deep sleep).
 If you have had night
terrors, you are more
likely to sleep walk when
older.
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SLEEP APNEA
A
person stops
breathing during
their sleep.
 Wake up
momentarily, gasps
for air, then falls
back asleep.
 Very common,
especially in heavy
males.
 Can be fatal.
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NARCOLEPSY
 Suffer
from sleeplessness and may fall
asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate
times.
 Directly into REM sleep
 Video narcoleptic dog
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MEDITATION

A method some people
use to try to narrow
their consciousness so
to get rid of stress
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BIOFEEDBACK

Training the body to
calm itself down and
slow down the heart
rate using machines
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HYPNOSIS
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HYPNOSIS
Altered state of
consciousness
where people
respond to
suggestions and
behave as
though they are
in a trance
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Franz Anton Mesmer
 Posthypnotic
suggestion
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HYPNOTIC FEATS
Strength, stamina, and perceptual and memory
abilities similarly affect those who are
hypnotized
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HYPNOTIC THEORIES




Social influence/Role
Theory
Hypnosis is NOT an
altered state of
consciousness.
Different people have
various state of hypnotic
suggestibility.
A social phenomenon where
people want to believe.
Work better on people
with richer fantasy lives.
Divided consciousness/
State Theory
Hypnosis is an altered
state of consciousness.
 Dramatic health
benefits
 It works for pain best.

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FACTS AND FALSEHOOD
Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power
resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of
forgotten events?
No.
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FACTS AND FALSEHOOD
Can hypnosis force people to act
against their will?
No.
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes.
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
Yes.
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DRUGS AND CONSCIOUSNESS
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that
alters perceptions and mood (effects
consciousness).
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CATEGORIES OF DRUGS
 Depressants
 Slow down brain
 Stimulants
 Speed up brain
activity
activity
 Hallucinogens
 Produces hallucinations
 Visual
 Textile
 Auditory
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DEPRESSANTS
Slows down body
processes
 Alcohol
 Narcotics (barbiturates
& tranquilizers)

 Heroin
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ALCOHOL
1.
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and
memory…and increases aggressiveness while
reducing self awareness.
Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images
Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS
Drinking and Driving
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STIMULANTS

Speed up body processes





Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Ecstasy
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METHAMPHETAMINES
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing
accelerated body functions and associated energy
and mood changes, with devastating effects.
http://kdvr.com/2012/02/25/faces-of-meth/
 http://fav-meth-head-of-the-day.com/faces-of-meth/
 http://www.facesofmeth.us/main.htm

National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works
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HALLUCINOGENS
Ronald K. Siegel
Hallucinogens are
psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs that
distort perceptions and
evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory
input.
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HALLUCINOGENS
1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful
hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is
also known as acid.
2. Marijuana
1. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is
the major active ingredient in marijuana
(hemp plant) that triggers a variety of
effects, including mild hallucinations.
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Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance,
despite its adverse consequences (physical &
psychological).
•Addiction hotline 1-888-984-5653
•Rehabilitation
•Counseling
•Support groups
- NA & AA
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TREATMENTS FOR DRUG ABUSE
Detoxification
1.


2.
Removal of harmful substances from the body
Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after
addiction), users may experience the undesirable
effects of withdrawal.
Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a
feeling of physical pain, intense cravings
(physical dependence), and negative emotions
(psychological dependence).
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DRUGS
Summary
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