Transcript Macromolecules lecture

4 Macromolecules of Life
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• All compounds can be
classified as organic
or inorganic.
• ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ARE
MADE OF MOSTLY
CARBON ATOMS!!!
Water’s important properties
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Universal solvent
High heat capacity
Reactivity
Density of Ice
Cohesion/Adhesion
Water is a major component in
1. Intracellular fluids (inside the cell, like cytoplasm)
2. Extracellular fluids (outside the cell)
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• All compounds can be
classified as organic
or inorganic.
• ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ARE
MADE OF MOSTLY
CARBON ATOMS!!!
Condensation Reaction/ Dehydration
Synthesis
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http://resource.rockyview.ab.ca/t4t/bio20/mm
/m7/hydrolysis/Bio20_Hydrolysis_Final.swf
O Chem
Organic Chemistry: Carbon based chemistry
Organic Compounds: Carbon based compounds
What’s so special about Carbon?
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• All compounds can be
classified as organic
or inorganic.
• ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ARE
MADE OF MOSTLY
CARBON ATOMS!!!
Functional Groups
• These are the small
groups of non-carbon
a atoms that influence
the characteristics of
the carbon molecule
• EX- the addition of
the “Amino Group”
and a “Carboxyl” acid
group makes an
“Amino Acid”
Large Carbon Molecules
• Monomer- simple carbon molecules that build
more complex molecules. (ie- glucose)
• Polymer- complex molecule built from
monomers (ie- starch)
Macromolecules
Big ass carbon molecules:
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
• Created by
Photosynthesis
• Made of C, H, and O
• Burned in cellular
respiration for energy
• Saccharide = Sugar
• Monosaccharide= 1
sugar ring (Glucose)
• Disaccharide = 2 sugar
rings (Sucrose)
• Polysaccharide= 3 or
more sugar rings
(Cellulose)
Monosaccharide Examples
(Simple Carbohydrates)
• Glucose- used to
power cells
• Fructose- Found in
Candy and Soda
• Galactose- Found in
dairy products
Disaccharide Examples
(Simple Carbohydrates)
• Sucrose- Table sugar
comes from sugar
cane.
• Lactose- Found in
dairy products and
mothers milk. Broken
down by the enzyme
Lactase. People who
are lactose intolerant
do not produce
enough lactase so
they get bloated and
crampy
Examples of Polysaccharides
(Complex Carbohydrates)
• Starch- Found in
potatoes, rice, corn etc.
• Cellulose- Found in the
cell walls of plants. This
can not be broken down
by animals and is called
“Dietary Fiber”
• Glycogen- this is a long
chain formed in the blood
of animals to provide slow
realease energy between
meals. Often called
“Animal Starch”
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Ex: Blood Sugar Regulation
Negative Feedback Mechanism: Blood sugar regulation
• Organic molecules
that are insoluble in
water. (oils, wax,
rubber)
• Used for energy
storage, cell
membranes and
signaling molecules
(steroids hormones)
• Most common are
triglycerides and
phospholipids
Lipids
Triglycerides
1. Made of only C, H,
and O
2. Long Term Energy
3. Made of 1 Glycerol
(3 carbon Chain)
and 3 Fatty acids
(the carboxyl group
on the end of each
one is the “acid”)
Fatty Acids
Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids.
Long carbon chain with a functional group on the end.
Functional group determines properties and function of
different fatty acids.
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Triglycerides
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Phospholipids
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Types of Fatty Acids
• Saturated- no
carbon-carbon double
bonds
• Solid at room
Temperature
• High Concentrations
in Animal Fats
• Builds bad
Cholesterol
Types of Fatty Acids
• Unsaturated- At least
one Carbon-Carbon
Double bond.
• Liquid at room
Temperature
• Highest
concentrations in
plant oils
• Helps build good
cholesterol
Trans Fat
• HydrogenationAdding Hydrogen to
unsaturated fats to
make them act like
saturated fats
• Examples- Crisco and
Margarine
• Extra bad because
they build bad
cholesterol and
reduce good
cholesterol
Proteins-Long Chains of Amino
Acids
Amino Acids
• All Amino acids have
a central C atom with
an Amino group,
Carboxyl group, a
Hydrogen group and
an R group attached
to it.
• The difference
between Amino acids
is the length and
shape of the R group
Functional Groups
• These are the small
groups of non-carbon
a atoms that influence
the characteristics of
the carbon molecule
• EX- the addition of
the “Amino Group”
and a “Carboxyl” acid
group makes an
“Amino Acid”
•
Amino
Acids
There are 22 total Amino
acids and they combine in
long chains to form…
• Hair, Blood, Muscle, Skin,
Bones, Antibodies,
Enzymes, and Hormones.
• One example is Tryptophan
which is found in Turkey,
cheese, chicken and pork
and has a calming effect.
DNA and RNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Nucleotides formed from a
sugar, phosphate group, and
a nitrogen base.
• Two long chains of these
form DNA
• Has instruction for making
proteins in all living things.
• RNA is used in the process
of making proteins
Carbon: The foundation of organic chemistry
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Carbon likes to bond, to itself and to other
elements
-----Chains
T
Branched chains
Rings
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Excellent, versatile building block.
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Monomers, polymers,
macromolecules
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Condensation Reaction/ Dehydration
Synthesis
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Hydrolysis
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Notes: Organic Chemistry- The Molecules of Life!
What’s so special about carbon, anyway?
-Remember, carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell and needs 8. So, it likes to form covalent bonds with atoms around it, whether
they are atoms of other elements or carbon itself.
-Also remember that carbon can form chains, branched chains and rings, which makes it a great building bock to make more complex
structures (polymers/macromolecules.
The organic compounds essential to life are extremely complex, but they n can be classified into four basic groups:
• -Carbohydrates
• -Lipids
• -Proteins
• -Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about (1 Carbon atom, 2 Hydrogen
atoms, 1 Oxygen atom)
-Carbo/hydrate: hydrated carbon.
-The number of carbon atoms varies
-Some serve as a source of energy
-Some serve as structural materials
-Carbohydrates are classified by size:
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
All provide certain importance to body function. What are they? How are they
formed?
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Carbs: Building materials in plant
Carbohydrates
(monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides)
Condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis
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Lipids
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Lipids: large nonpolar organic molecules that DO NOT DISSOLVE in water (why not?-nonpolar)
-Include: neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids, waxes, pigments.
-They are Insoluble in water
-Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (different ration than carbs)
- Higher ration of carbon and hydrogen to water (High energy bond). As a result, the increased
carbon-hydrogen bonds, they store more energy per gram. Makes them awesome energystoring molecules.
**Neutral fats are fats when sold or oils when liquid, made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
**Linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group
(---COOH) at one end
Functions of fats (lipids)
-Energy reserve source
-Insulation
-Form cell membranes
-Cushion vital organs
-Make certain hormones
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Fatty Acids
Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids.
Long carbon chain with a functional group on the end.
Functional group determines properties and function of
different fatty acids.
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Triglycerides
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Phospholipids
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Steroids
-No long fatty acid chain
-Formed by four fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached to
them.-Examples: testosterone, cholesterol
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Steroids
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Proteins are made of amino acids
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Amino Acids
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Functional Groups
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Amino acids
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20
common types, and all contain an amine group (-NH2) and an
acid group (---COOH).
• Proteins are long chains of amino acids connected by a bond
called a peptide bond.
• Because each type of amino acid has distinct properties, the
sequence in which they are bound together produces
proteins that vary widely in both structure function. It is
easy to think of the 20 amino acids as a 20 letter “alphabet”
used in specific combinations to form words.
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Proteins are made by putting amino acids
together (peptide bonds/condensation reaction)
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Bonded by peptide bonds
Amino Acid
Polypeptide
Protein
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Protein Structural Levels
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How are proteins formed?
• Dehydration synthesis (See Sheet)
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How are proteins broken down?
• Hydrolysis-Using water to split molecules.
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Enzymes
• Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
• (Catalysts are substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of
biological reactions but are not used up in the reactions themselves)
• They are the chemical traffic cops that keep our metabolic pathways
flowing. (In other words, they assist in the control of metabolic reactions.)
• Different kinds of cells may conduct specialized metabolic processes, but
all cells perform certain basic reactions, such as the buildup and
breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These
reactions include hundreds of very specific chemical changes that must
occur in particular sequences. Enzymes control the rates of these
metabolic reactions.
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Enzyme Action
Like other chemical reactions, metabolic
reactions require energy (activation energy)
before they proceed. That’s why heat is used
to increased rates of chemical reactions in
labs. Heat energy increases the rate at which
molecules move and the frequency of
molecular collisions. These collisions
increase the likelihood of interactions
among the electrons of molecules that form
new chemical bonds. The temperature
conditions in cells are usually too mild to
adequately promote the reactions of life.
Enzymes make these reactions possible.
Almost all enzymes are proteins.
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Why take penicillin?
The antibiotic drug penicillin interferes with enzymes that enable certain
bacteria to construct cell walls. As a result, the bacteria die. In this
manner, penicillin protects against certain bacterial infections. The
drug does not harm human cells because these don’t have ______
______.
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Why use hydrogen peroxide?
The action of a certain enzyme, catalase, is obvious when using
hydrogen peroxide to cleanse a wound. Injured cells release
catalase, and when hydrogen peroxide contacts them, bubbles of
oxygen are set free. The resulting foam removes debris from
inaccessible parts of the wound.
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Why take vitamins?
• Vitamins are essential organic substances that human cells cannot
synthesize (or not enough), so we must add them to our diet. Since
vitamins provide coenzymes that can, like enzymes, function again
and again. So cells require only small amounts of them.
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Nucleic Acids and ATP
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Nucleic acids, composed of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and
phosphorus, are the largest molecules in the body. They include
two major classes of molecules:
Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNA).
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DNA
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(DNA)
Is found in the nucleus, has two fundamental
roles:
1) It replicates itself before cell divides and
passes on identical genetic information to
daughter cells.
2) Provides instructions for every protein in the
body (determines what type of organism you
will be)
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid. Nucleic acid that contains
ribose and the bases A, G, C and U.
Carries out DNA’s instructions for protein
synthesis.
Why is RNA in the public spotlight recently?
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ATP: Provides the energy constantly needed by
the body
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ATP
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ATP!
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ATP: Provides the energy constantly needed by
the body
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ATP
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ATP!
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End
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