Transcript Introduction to Psychology

Myers’ EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
(6th Ed)
Chapter 3
States of
Consciousness
Waking Consciousness
 _______________
 our awareness of
ourselves and our
environments
 _______________
 focusing of
conscious
awareness on a
particular stimulus
Sleep and Dreams
 ___________________
 the biological clock
 regular bodily rhythms, such as of
wakefulness and body temperature,
that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Sleep and Dreams
 REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
 recurring sleep stage
 vivid dreams
 “paradoxical sleep”
 muscles are generally relaxed, but other
body systems are active
 Sleep
 periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
Sleep and Dreams
 Measuring sleep activity
Brain Waves and
Sleep Stages
 ____________
 slow waves of a
relaxed, awake
brain
 _____________
 large, slow waves
of deep sleep
 Hallucinations
 false sensory
experiences
Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Sleep Deprivation
 Effects of Sleep
Loss
 fatigue
 impaired
concentration
 depressed immune
system
 greater
vulnerability to
accidents
Sleep Deprivation
Less sleep,
more accidents
Accident
frequency
More sleep,
fewer accidents
2,800
2,700
4,200
2,600
4000
2,500
3,800
2,400
3,600
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
Monday before time change
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Monday after time change
Sleep Disorders
 Insomnia
 persistent problems in falling or staying
asleep
 Narcolepsy
 uncontrollable sleep attacks
 __________________
 temporary cessation of breathing during
sleep
 momentary reawakenings
Sleep Disorders
 Are You Getting Enough
Sleep??
Night Terrors and
Nightmares
 Night Terrors
 occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling
asleep, usually during Stage 4
 high arousal - appearance of being
terrified
 seldom remembered
Dreams
 What are your thoughts about dreams?
 What have you learned to believe?
 What are some recurring dreams you
have?
 What are lucid dreams?
Dreams: Freud
 Dreams
 sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
person’s mind
 hallucinatory imagery
 discontinuities
 incongruities
 delusional acceptance of the content
 difficulties remembering
Dreams: Freud
 Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
 wish fulfillment
 discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
 ___________________
 remembered story line
 __________________
 underlying meaning
Dreams
 As Information Processing
 helps facilitate memories
 As a Physiological Function
 periodic brain stimulation
 REM Rebound
 REM sleep increases following REM
sleep deprivation
Sleep Across the
Lifespan
Drugs and
Consciousness
 Psychoactive Drug
 a chemical substance that alters perceptions
and mood
 Physical Dependence
 physiological need for a drug
 marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
 Psychological Dependence
 a psychological need to use a drug
 for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence and
Addiction
Big
effect
Drug
effect
 ______________
 diminishing effect
with regular use
Response to
first exposure
 _____________
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Small
Large
Drug dose
 discomfort and
distress that follow
discontinued use
Psychoactive Drugs
 ____________________
 drugs that reduce neural activity
 alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
 slow body functions
Psychoactive Drugs
 Alcohol
 affects motor skills, judgment, and
memory
 reduces self awareness
 Barbiturates
 drugs that depress the activity of the
central nervous system, reducing
anxiety but impairing memory and
judgment
Psychoactive Drugs
 Opiates
 opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
 opiates depress neural activity,
temporarily lessening pain and
anxiety
 highly addictive
Psychoactive Drugs
 _____________________
 drugs that excite neural activity
 caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines,
cocaine
 speed up body functions
The Physiological Effects
of Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs
 Amphetamines
 drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing speeded-up
body functions and associated
energy and mood changes
Psychoactive Drugs
 Cocaine
 effects depend on dosage,
form, expectations, personality
and situation
 coca leaves
 powder
 crack
Cocaine Euphoria and
Crash
Psychoactive Drugs
 Ecstasy
 MDMA
(methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
 stimulant and mild hallucinogen
 dangerous short and long term
effects
Psychoactive Drugs
 _____________________
 psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input
 LSD
 MDMA (Ecstasy)
Psychoactive Drugs
 LSD
 lysergic acid diethylamide
 a powerful hallucinogenic drug
 also known as acid
 THC
 the major active ingredient in marijuana
 triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Trends in Drug Use
Perceived Marijuana
Risk
Near-Death Experiences
 Near-Death
Experience
 an altered state of
consciousness
reported after a close
brush with death
 often similar to druginduced
hallucinations