Transcript Effects of Rootstock on Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)---

Viticulture Program
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ROOTSTOCK
CONSIDERATIONS... ...
Sanjun Gu
Kentucky State University
Viticulture Program
Kentucky State University
Phylloxera
Viticulture Program
Kentucky State University
Thomas Volney
Munson
• The French government : the
French Legion of Honor Chevalier
du Merite Agricole (1888)
• Foundations of American Grape
Culture (1909), the standard
reference for grape culture in the
United States.
Viticulture Program
Kentucky State University
Much of the world’s viticulture involves
rootstocks (Robert 1976).
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Scions are usually a Vitis vinifera cultivar.
Rootstocks are often North American species
or their hybrids.
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Rootstocks, YES or NO?
YES if do vinifera!
 Phylloxera—soil-borne pest. Native to
North America
 And,
 Immune: Muscadinia rotundifolia
 Resistant: V. riparia, berlandieri, and
rupestris
 Susceptible: V. vinifera

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
ROOTSTOCK: The
plant forming the root
system of a grapevine
to which a fruiting
cultivar is grafted.
 SCION: The fruiting
cultivar above.
 GRAFTING: The
process to join the
rootstock and scion
together.
Grafting Union
The Genus Vitis
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Vitis (from vita=life)
About 60 species, mostly Northern
Hemisphere, 70% North American
V. vinifera: European grape
V. aestivalis: Summer or Pigeon grape or
bunch grape
V. labrusca: Fox grape
V. riparia: River bank grape
V. rotundifolia: Muscadine grape
V. amurensis: Amur grape (Manchuria)
V. rupestris
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Viticulture Program
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Still Rootstocks?
If I do Hybrids or American……
You do NOT have to, but:
Other pest resistance: root nematodes.
Abiotic tolerance: lime, drought, salt, low
temperatures, etc.
Vegetative growth.
Yield.
Fruit and Wine Quality.
Criteria for Choosing Rootstocks
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(Reynolds &Wardle, 2001)
Phylloxera resistance
Nematodes resistance
Adaptability to high pH soil
Adaptability to saline soil
Adaptability to low pH soil
Adaptability to wet/poor drainage soil
Adaptability to drought
***Pest and Soil***
Effects on pest and disease resistance
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
Phylloxera (Harmon and Elmer, 1952; Shaulis, 1969; Lider 1993;
Mullins 1992.)
V. rotundifolia, V. riparia, berlandieri, and rupestris.
Riparia Glorie, 1104-14 Mgt, SO4, 5BB, St. George.

Nematodes (Harmoon, 1952; Cirami, 1984; Mullis 1992.)
V. champini, cinerea, longii.
Ramsey, Dog Ridge, Harmony, 1613 C, SO4. etc.

Pierce’s disease (Loomis, 1965.)
V. champini, V. rotundifolia x V. bourquiniana
Barnes, Dog Ridge, and B-45.
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Effects on Abiotic Tolerance

Lime tolerance
Vitis berlandieri and vinifera. 41 B, 333 EM, Fercal.

Drought tolerance
Hybrids of Vitis berlandieri/rupesrtis. 110 R, 140 Ru,
1103 P and 99 R.

Salt tolerance
Vitis champini. Ramsey.
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Viticulture Program
Kentucky State University
Rootstock Physiology: what do
rootstocks do? Not so clear!
Direct effect
 The root system: root anatomy and
morphology, development and
distribution—genetics x soil environment
 Nutrition: mineral uptake
 Hormones
 Indirect effect

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Effects on mineral nutrient and
chloride accumulation
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Use of rootstocks affects mineral ion uptake and
distribution. Leaf K+ level was highest on stocks
53 M and SO4, and lowest on 140 R, 420 A.
(Cook et al., 1964; Tanggolar et al., 1989; Fardossi
et al., 1995, Brancadoro et al, 1995)
Cl- accumulation of grape ‘Cardinal’ and
‘Thompson Seedless’ scions varied with
rootstocks significantly. Vines on 1613-3 and ‘Salt
Creek’ roots accumulated extremely low chloride.
(Bernstein et al. 1969)
Effect on cold hardiness:
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vinifera and hybrid cultivars
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Canes of grafted ‘White Riesling’ and
‘Chardonnay’ are hardier than ungrafted vines.
Rootstock 3309 (over 5BB and SO4) is most
desirable in relation to winter survival. (Miller et
al. 1988)
‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Chardonnay’ showed
less frost damage when grafted on 5BB and P1103
than on SO4 and 420A. (Palliotti et al., 1991)
Grafted ‘Seyval’ has better cold hardiness of buds
than ungrafted. 3309 proved to be the hardiest
rootstock. (Striegler and Howell, 1991)
Effects on vigor
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Pruning weight and growth rate have been used to express
vine vigor.
Most selected, pest-resistant rootstocks increase vigor.
(Elmer and Harmon, 1935, 1950, 1956; Vaile, 1937.
Hedberg, 1980; Ferree, 1996; Wounderer, 1999; Lovicu,
1999)
In general, vigorous rootstocks produced more wood in the
first growing season and increased circumference
thereafter than those of weak rootstocks. (Elmer and
Harmon, 1948)
The species V. champini, berlandieri, rupestris and their
hybrids are most vigorous while V. riparia has the least
vigor. St George, 99 R, 110 R, etc. are most vigorous.
Riparia Gloire and 101-14 are among the least. (Roriz,
1999)
Effects on bud break and dormancy
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‘Riesling’ and ‘Chardonnay’ deacclimated earlier
when grafted on 5BB than when on 3309. (Miller
et al., 1988)
Buds of ‘Anab e Shahi’ broke later on their own
roots and Dog Ridge. Rootstock Gulabi sharply
shortened the bud dormancy (Prakash, 1990).
Tangolar (1989) found that grape buds burst
early on rootstock 420 A and Reddy (1990)
stated that rootstocks Gulabi and 1613 increased
bud “fertility”.
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Viticulture Program
Kentucky State University
Results|Cold hardiness
Winter 2000-2001
Nemaha NE
Rootstock
110
1103
3309
420
St. George
Own-rooted
Gloire
Number of buds
from canes
Number of buds
NOT from canes
Winter survival
(%)
2.2 ab
1.7 a
4.6 c
3.4 bc
1.1 a
2.3 ab
2.1 ab
4.5 b
3.6 ab
6.2 b
8.0 c
2.9 a
7.9 bc
2.8 a
64.6 abc
54.2 ab
37.5 a
72.9 bc
47.9 ab
87.5 c
47.9 ab
Results|Vine Growth
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Rootstock
110
1103
3309
420
St. George
Own-rooted
Gloire
Budbreak
(m/d)
4/25
4/23
4/15
4/17
4/25
4/27
4/18
b
b
a
a
b
b
a
Pruning
weight
(g)
Leaf area
(cm2)
Shoot
length
(cm)
36.9
44.7
48.3
45.0
27.0
45.3
44.2
180.7
77.8
91.9
107. 7
81.0
89.3
93.4
42.4
35.9
43.6
59.2
40.5
38.3
45.1
Results|Budbreak
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110
1103
3309
420
St. George
Gloire
Own-rooted
5/4
4/29
4/24
ab bc a ab cd d
4/19
4/14
4/9
4/4
Mounded
Not-mounded
ab
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Effects on Endogenous ABA and GA4 (Dormant
buds)
ABA (ng/g)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Grafted Chambourcin
Chambourcin
GA4 (ng/g)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Grafted Chambourcin
Chambourcin
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Effects on photosynthesis, carbohydrates
and dry matter partitioning
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Photosynthetic rate: ‘Muller Thurgau’ had high
rate on K5BB and SO4 and low rate on R 140
(Candolfi et al. 1997; Koblet, 1997).
‘Riesling’ had higher rate when grafted on K5BB
than on its own roots though the stomatal
conductance were similar (During, 1994).
Cane Carbohydrate levels and the partitioning of
dry matter were not affected by rootstocks
(Tangolar, 1989; Williams and Smith, 1991).
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Effects on Berries
Maturity
 Berry size, growth rate, weight
 Cluster size, berries/cluster
 Sugar contents(glucose and frucose),
organic acid (tartaric acid, malic acid,
amino acids) and K+ content
 pH
 Anthocyanin in skin

Effects on Yield
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Yield was an important consideration in
selection of rootstock (Harmon and Elmer, 1948,
1952; Shaulis, 1969.).
Most selected rootstocks increase the yield
though the situation relies on
scion/rootstock combinations. (Hedberg, 1980;
Mullins 1992 ; Lider 1993; Kolbert, 1994; Ezzahouani,
1995; Ferree, 1996; Lovicu, 1999. )
Yields are not always positively correlated
to vegetative growth (Cook and Lloyd ,1964 )
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Effects on Wine Quality
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Lower malic acid and higher tararic acid
concentration if grafted; higher anthocyanin
content if non-grafted. (Walker, 1998)
‘Chardonnay’ grafted on 5C had desirable wine
characteristics– low pH, moderate acidity and
good sugar level. (Ewart, 1993)
Rootstock SO4 performed better than 5BB, 5C,
41B, Fercal, EM333 and R 140. (Kaserer, 1997)
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Other things to consider …
Cost for grafting: $2000-5000/ha, depends
on do-it-yourself or purchasing;
Disease transmitted by grafting: virus;
Incompatibility;
The ungrafted vines last longer;
Special attention to the grafting union, esp.
in cold regions;
Others you can name…
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What should I do if my vines are ungrafted vinifera?
Removing them or replanting them on rootstocks.
Phylloxera will get them sooner or later (in
Kentucky!)
 Plant rootstock rootlings adjacent to the vines;
wait, graft the trunk
 Inter-planting with 2-year old grafted vines;
remove the own-rooted vines when the new
planting starts fruiting.
 If yield loss >10%, think replace the vines with
grafted ones immediately.
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How to indicate the vines are affected by
phylloxera? Especially when you think your
vineyard is “free” from phylloxera

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Told by stunted growth,
not so easy though
Do 2% of own-rooted
vines: every 10th vine in
every 5th row is ownrooted
Plant some un-grafted
rootstocks or American
species as indicators:
watch for the galls
(Vinifera, roots; rootstocks,
leaves, for example,
“Frantanac”)
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Am I the one to graft?
Yes, you can handle it!
 Bench grafting
 Greenwood grafting
 Cleft, notch grafting
 Bark grafting
 Side-whip, wedge grafting
 Field budding…
Questions and Comments?
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CONTACT:
Dr. Sanjun Gu
128 Atwood Research Facility
400 East Main Street
Kentucky State University
Frankfort, KY 40601
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 502-597-6186
Fax: 502-597-6381
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