Protein Synthesis
Download
Report
Transcript Protein Synthesis
Gene- a series of nucleotides found on a strand of DNA that
codes for a particular protein
Protein Synthesis- when the info stored on a gene is “read” and
then used to make a protein
3 Parts to Protein Synthesis:
1. Transcription- creating RNA from DNA (occurs in the
nucleus)
2. Processing- When RNA is trimmed of its non-proteincoding nucleotides, made small enough that it can exit the
nucleus
3. Translation- The RNA assembles a specific sequence of
amino acids to make the desired protein (occurs on the
ribosome)
The Big Picture!!
• There are 3 macromolecules
involved in Protein Synthesis
• DNA makes RNA
• RNA codes for proteins
• Proteins carry out ALL of the
cell’s important functions
and activities
Recall: There are Two Types of
Nucleic Acids
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
Similarities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nucleic acids
Store genetic material
Made up of strands of
nitrogen bases
Follow some type of Base
Pairing Rules
Differences Between RNA/DNA
DNA:
Double-stranded
Cytosine-Guanine
Adenine- Thymine
5-carbon sugar =
deoxyribose
Never leaves Nucleus
RNA:
Single-Stranded
Cytosine –Guanine
Adenine- Uracil
5-carbon sugar = ribose
Can leave nucleus
RNA types
Three major types: (to be discussed further)
1.
2.
3.
Messenger (mRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)
Transfer (tRNA)
mRNA
Temporary copy of a gene that encodes for
a protein;
Provides the pattern that determines the
order and types of amino acids making
that protein.
Very unstable, cell WILL try to break it
down unless it is processed
Contain codons (3-base sequence)
Precursor mRNA – exists in nucleus
Mature mRNA – genes to be copied by
ribosome (has been processed) exists in
cytoplasm
rRNA
Makes up 80% of RNA in cells
Used to make portions of ribosomes
in cells in combination with
proteins.
Can be free floating
Or attached to Endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)
tRNA
Free floating in cell
Enzyme attaches ONE tRNA
to ONE amino acid(charged
tRNA)
tRNA ‘carries’ the amino acid
to ribosome to add to the
growing polypeptide
(protein) chain
Contains an anti-codon
sequence (3-bases as bottom
of tRNA), which is
complementary to each
codon
The Genetic Code• The nucleotides serve as the four “letters” of the DNA
“alphabet” (A,C,G, & T)
• 3 nucleotides make a Codon (ex. AAG)
• Codons code for an Amino Acid (AAG codes for lysine)
• Amino Acids are the building blocks for proteins
• Since there are 4 nucleotides, when three are grouped
together, there are 64 possible triplet combinations (43 = 64)
• However, there are only 20 amino acids so some amino acids
have more than one codon (ex. GGA, GGC, and GGG all code
for glycine)
Summary:
DNA = permanent copy (like your hard drive)
RNA = Temporary copy (similar to floppy copy)
Leads up to two of the most important processes:
Transcription and Translation
animation
Part 1: Transcription
The building of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA (takes place in
the NUCLEUS)
STEPS:
Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the gene’s promoter on the
template strand of DNA(a specific sequence of the DNA that acts as a
“start signal” for transcription)
RNA polymerase unwinds and separates the two strands of the DNA.
Elongation: RNA polymerase adds and then links complementary
RNA nucleotides as it “reads” the gene”.
Termination: A “stop” signal on the DNA tells the RNA polymerase to
detach from the DNA and release the RNA molecule.
Tutorial/Quiz
Part 2: RNA Processing
Before leaving the nucleus……..
1. A cap (methyl-guanine or mG) is added by
enzymes to the starting end of the mRNA
molecule
2. A poly-A tail is added to the end of the
mRNA
3. The molecule is spliced. Introns are
removed (non-coding nucleotides) and
exons remain.
RNA Processing Animation
Part 3: Translation
Tutorial
The assembly of a protein (occurs
on the ribosome in the cytoplasm)
1. mRNA leaves the nucleus
through the nuclear pore and
forms a functional ribosome with
two ribosomal subunits, and a
tRNA
2. Initiation: The mRNA “start”
codon AUG is oriented in a
region of the ribosome called the
P site where the tRNA molecule
carrying methionine can bind to
the start codon.
Translation- cont. (another animation)
3. The codon in the area of the ribosome
called the A site is ready to receive the
next tRNA.
4. Elongation: Both the A site and the P site
are holding tRNA molecules- each carrying
a specific amino acid. A peptide bond
forms between the adjacent amino acids
5. The tRNA in the P site detaches and
leaves its amino acid behind
6. The tRNA in the A site moves to the P
site. The tRNA carrying the amino acid
specified by the codon in the A site arrives.
7. Termination: Steps 4-6 are repeated
until a stop codon is reached.
Translation animation
One more Translation animation
If a segment of DNA is:
TAC AAA GTA ACT
The mRNA strand would be:
AUG UUU CAU UGA
This would code for the following amino acids:
Met
Phe
His
Stop
Types of Mutations
Point Mutation- a change of one or just a few
nucleotides in a gene. 3 Main Types of Point
Mutations:
•Substitutionone nucleotide is replaced by another.
•Insertion –
an extra nucleotide is added.
•Deletiona nucleotide is omitted.
Mutations can be “Silent”
When a substitution mutation in a base pair does
not result in a change in the sequence of amino
acids in a protein
Mutations can be “Neutral”
A change in a base pair results in an amino acid
change, but the new amino acid has the same chemical
properties as the old amino acid. (ie hydrophobic to
hydrophobic; acidic to acidic)
Mutations can be
“Missense”
a mutation results a change in an amino acid where
the new amino acids has a different property than the
old amino acid. The protein with the new primary
structure may have reduced or no activity.
Mutations can be “Nonsense”
A mutation results in a new “stop” translation
condon formed before the naturally occurring one.
Translation is stopped prematurely and a shortened
protein is made.
Mutations can result in
“Frameshifts”
A deletion or insertion of one base results in a
change in the translational reading frame