Transcript drug abuse and trafficking

DRUG ABUSE AND TRAFFICKING
Geo-Political Situation
Definitions
• A substance, affecting the central nervous system, causing
changes in behaviour and often addiction.
• Types:
 Stimulants: Affect the central nervous system, increasing
brain activity.
 Depressants: Damp down brain activity
 Analgesics: Reduce sensitivity to emotional and physical pain
 Hallucinogens: Distort perceptions, giving hallucinations
Cont.
DEPRESSANTS
STIMULANTS
Cont.
H
ANALGESICS
HALLUCINOGENS
Some types of Drugs
Drugs and Drug- Trafficking
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Cocaine
Crack cocaine
Heroin
Cannabis/Urumogi,...
LSD
PCP (Phencyclidine)
Methamphetamine
Local brews (Kanyanga, Nyirantarindwa,
Muriture,...
Sources
Cannabis:
Rubavu (DRC), Kirehe (TZ),
Nyungwe,…
East, North and ….
Dubai
Kanyanga:
Heroin:
Tabs:
-Rehypnol,
-Valium,
-Ectasy: Nyamirambo, Biryogo,…
Impact
Neglect of self, family, friends, occupation and
society, often with increasing debts
Poor Education (escape School)
Suicide (eg. Munyantwari Emmanuel-27th Dec
10 around 20:00 Nyarugenge-Nyamirambo)
Child abuse: physical, psychological and sexual
abuse
Cont.
Increase in crime and driving offences
Promiscuity: risks of STD and HIV
NDERA HOSPITAL: 750 patients admitted (27%
of admissions)
Treatment of victims revealed that in 2004, 68
victims were managed at NDERA Hospital while
in 2006, 442 were admitted at the same
hospital which conform the increasing of such
kind of crime in Rwanda.
Drugs & Security Organs
1968: 50 percent of American service men
(GI’S) used drugs
1970: GI’S number had jump to 65 percent
 May 26, 1981: pilot using illicit drugs caused
an aircraft accident that resulted in:
07 planes destroyed,
11 planes damaged,
14 personnel killed,
48 additional personnel injured
(USS NIMITZ)
Cont.
1994: Colombia, 300 Millions US $(US State
Dept)
2010,Nov.: Under investigation: Gen Hussein
Ali, Rt Commissionner of Police Peter Kivala,
Commandant Kenya Police College
1994:Honduras DMI heading Drug Trafficking
(US State Dept)
Since 2005-2010 a number of RNP & RDF staff
have been involved in drugs related crimes.
DIFFERENCES
• Drug Traffickers/Producers
• Drug Dealers/Sellers/Suppliers
• Drug Users/Buyers - Youth
THE INVESTIGATION OF DRUGS AND
DRUG-TRAFFICKING
International level
Producers
Locate principals
Traffickers
Monitor activities
National level
Dealers
Suppliers
Local level
Street Sellers
Drug Users/Buyers
Crack down groups
Determine means of
Money
Laundering
Bangladesh linked to Human
Trafficking/Drugs !!!
Money Laundering: process and
methods
• Drug Trafficking
Placement
Dirty Money
Layering
Clean Money
Integration
(Savona and De Feo 1997)
Money Laundering & Drug Trafficking
• Placement: physical disposal of money by moving funds
from direct association with a crime and putting it in the
financial system. Criminals achieve this by sometimes moving
a small amount at times to avoid raising suspicion. It may also
involve bank complicity.
• Layering involves the creation of false documents traits,
conversion of cash into monetary instruments and the
conversion of tangibles assets obtained by means of cash
purchases. The use of electronic methods to facilitate the
layering process is increasing nowadays.
• Integration: is the final stage at which the money is
integrated into the legitimate economy and financial system.
The funds are becoming available again to criminals with its
occupational and geographical origins hidden from view.
(Savona and De Feo 1997)
ACHIEVEMENTS
• Since 2005, many suspects involved in Drugs related
criminal cases have been arrested and brought to
Prosecution
• A total of 1,547 were arrested in the first seven months
of 2010 in connection with drug abuse related crimes,
with 999 accused of either trading or consuming
marijuana
• A big quantity of drugs have been seized and destroyed
Cont.
• 563,948 kilograms of marijuana and 4,274
litres of illegal brew (locally known as
Kanyanga, Nyirantarindwa, Muriture…), were
confiscated and destroyed in the same period;
• Last year, over 2 million kilograms of
marijuana and 1,2 million litres of illegal brew
were seized and 3,157 were people arrested in
connection with such kind of crimes.
Drugs seized
Drugs destroyed
Healthy issue
Suspects arrested
Police in Gatsibo District destroyed illicit brew worth Rwf15.3
million that was impounded in the past three months. They
included 4500 packets of Suzie and Leading Waragi manufactured
in Uganda and 614 litres of local gin commonly known as
Kanyanga, also imported from Uganda, 04/01/11.
Annual crime figures 2005 – Sept 2010
13668
11762
11653
12712
11989
8822
YEAR
2005
YEAR
2006
YEAR
2007
YEAR
2008
YEAR
2009
JAN-SEPT
2010
ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING AND ABUSE CASES (200509/2010)
2432/11989
2311/12712
1991/13668
2229/8822
1570/11653
1409/11762
YEAR 2005YEAR 2006YEAR 2007YEAR 2008YEAR 2009 JAN-SEPT
2010
19 41 52
Illicit Drug trafficking and abuse
Illegal Possession of fire arms
Betrayal of internal State Security
15
Destruction and Arson
Forging Documents
215
Extortions
166
Deceiving
340
Bouncing Cheques
Breach of trust
317
Counterfeiting
238 192
Act of Embezzlement
Corruption
293
Theft
1985
Breaking and Theft
Armed Robbery
Trespass
8
Prejudicial imputation and Insults
8
Illegal Arrest/Detention
Rape on Child
328
Rape
Assault
51 32 53 94 5
Kidnapping
Human trafficking
Abortion
Infanticide
Poisoning
148 154 124
Manslauter
Murder
Assassination
4
Segregation
Genocide Denial
Genocide
Crimes figures in year 2009
2432
2055
1622
310
492
108 25 63
Illicit Drug trafficking and abuse
Illegal Possession of fire arms
Betrayal of internal State Security
23
Destruction and Arson
Forging Documents
Extortions
120 98 90 171 162
Deceiving
Bouncing Cheques
Breach of trust
Counterfeiting
33 19
Embezzlement
214
Corruption
Theft
1445
Breaking and Theft
13
Armed Robbery
156
Trespass
234
Personality damage and Insults
Illegal Arrest/Detention
Rape on Child
87 95 101 54
12 30 69 5 12
Rape
Assault
Kidnapping
Human trafficking
Abortion
Infanticide
Poisoning
Manslaughter
Murder
22
Premeditated Murder
216
Segregation
Genocide Denial
Genocide
Crime Figures Jan-Nov 2010
2229
1472
1195
391
239
90 87 58
Chat for drugs by Regions
(2007-Nov 2010)
3000
2531
2500
2188
2000
1514
1477
1500
1253
1000
500
0
CENTRAL REGION
NORTHERN REGION
WESTERN REGION
SOUTHERN REGION
EASTERN REGION
Nyarugenge
Kicukiro
Gasabo
Musanze
Gakenke
Burera
Gicumbi
Rulindo
Karongi
Rutsiro
Rubavu
Nyabihu
Ngororero
Nyamasheke
Rusizi
Nyamagabe
Nyaruguru
Huye
Gisagara
Nyanza
Muhanga
Ruhango
Kamonyi
Rwamagana
Nyagatare
Gatsibo
Kayonza
Kirehe
Ngoma
Bugesera
Illicit drug trafficking and abuse
cases by District (Jan-Sept 2010)
217
216
109
105
65
22
77
73
37
21 15
11
25
12 17
21
87
48
94
64 68
78
61
38
53
38
70
45
22
6
Districts ranking (Jan-Sept. 2010)
NYARUGNGE
 GASABO
KICUKIRO
RUBAVU
KIREHE
NYANZA
GICUMBI
(217)
(216)
(109)
(105)
(94)
(87)
(77)
Some causes of drug trafficking
1. A lucrative business
2. External influences (Youths=Users)
3. Lack of enough preventive measures
(sensitization through CIMIC &
Community Policing especially in
youths, schools
4. Unemployment
Crimes ranking (2009- Sept 2010)
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
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

Drug Trafficking
Breaking houses and Thefty
Rape and Defilement
Assault
Forged Documents, and bouncing cheques
CHALLENGES
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Country’s Geo-Location
Capacity building
Budget constraint
Ignorance
Lucrative business
Legal issues
WAY FORWARD
Capacity building
• Re-enforcing of the Anti-Narcotic Unit
(C.I.D) specifically charged with handling
drug crimes, the use of sniffer dogs and
checking at entry points are some of the
measures in place to combat such crime;
• Many trainings on drugs related crime
investigation within our country and
abroad.
Legal issues
• As prescribed by articles 272-277 of
Rwanda Criminal Code, drug trade and
consumption are sanctioned with a
maximum of three months to five years
jail and a fine of 250,000 Frw or either of
the penalties.
More attention in Crime Reduction philosophy
(Policy and Laws)
The proactive method of investigation should
be enhanced through CIMIC & Community
Policing philosophy in order to reduce all
activities related to drug trafficking
Trainings for the RDF & RNP in the field of
narcotics to bring about multiplier effect
To enhance youth sensitization and
general population (The future of our
Country)
Command and control on our staff is
recommended as some of them are
involved in those crimes (Users…);
Probably our enemy may use drug
trafficking to disturb our system
Security and Policy approaches have
both to be used in order to deal
effectively with Drug Trafficking
To enhance the international cooperation
in
the
field
of
investigations
To enhance use of sniffer dogs
Conclusion
• Drug trafficking is considered to be the first
lucrative business for criminals which increases
the threat to law enforcers worldwide (Wright, A.
2008)
• Drug Trafficking represents 8% of the total
international trade: 400 billions $ (Bruce Zagaris).
• Illicit drug use and heavy drinking can jeopardize
mission readiness, impair work performance and
put lives at risk (Bray and Sanchez).
THANK YOU