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The International Classification of Crime for
Statistical Purposes (ICCS)
Angela Me, Chief
Research and Trend Analysis Branch
UNODC
The Classification framework
• A framework to describe what a “radar system” should detect: from an
accounting system to a statistical system as a more analytical and policyrelevant tool
• A system to compile, disseminate and analyze comparable data across
countries, across sub-national jurisdictions, across national criminal justice
systems, and across sources
• Primary unit of classification is the act or event which constitutes a
criminal offence
• The description of criminal acts is based on behaviours/events, not on
legal provisions
How can the ICCS improve crime data and analysis?
The ICCS allows to:
•
Build a comprehensive
statistical framework on
all criminal offences to
facilitate the collection of
data for a better analysis
of different crime types
 Expand and systematize
incomplete data
collections
 Clarify what is to be
included/excluded
How can the ICCS improve crime data and analysis?
The ICCS allows to:
•
Improve comparability across
countries and through time
 Statistical time series will not
change each time a law is
changed
 It will be possible to compare
time trends of the same crime
in different jurisdictions as the
categories are not based on
legal definitions (ex: homicidio
doloso; robo/hurto; secuestro)
How can the ICCS improve crime data and analysis?
The ICCS allows to:
•
Provide statistical definitions
of transnational crimes,
complex crimes and emerging
forms of crime in different
countries
 Examples include drug
possession/drug trafficking
and cultivation; wildlife crime;
trafficking in persons;
trafficking in firearms,
cybercrime
How can the ICCS improve crime data and analysis?
The ICCS allows to:
•
Improve data consistency
between the entities of
Federal States as the basis of
a common national crime
classification
 Especially large countries
such as Mexico, Brazil, USA
often face the issue of
different legal codes in their
component States
How can the ICCS improve crime data and analysis?
The ICCS allows to:
•
Improve comparability across
successive stages of the
criminal justice process
 Data produced by police,
prosecution, courts and
prison administrations are
only comparable if they use
the same classifications, the
ICCS provides a common
framework
How can the ICCS improve crime data and analysis?
The ICCS allows to:
•
Improve the analytical
capacity of countries through
a common set of analytical
categories (disagreggations)
 This is a minimum set of
disagreggations based on
best practices worldwide and
provides important data on
the characteristics of
 Offences
 Victims
 Perpetrators
Understanding homicide typologies to better prevent them
• Homicide related to other
criminal activities
• Interpersonal homicide
• Socio-political homicide
Understanding homicide typologies to better prevent them
• Homicide linked to
criminal groups: 30% of
homicides in the Americas
Percentage of OC/gang-related
homicides out of total homicides, by
region (2011)
Source: UNODC Homicide Statistics (2013).
Homicide typologies in selected countries (2001-2012)
• Variety of
different
regional and
national
experiences
• Crime-related in
Americas
• Interpersonalrelated in
Europe
 No “one size fits
all” approach
Source: UNODC elaboration of data from the Jamaica Constabulary Force (2008-2011); UNODC elaboration of data from the Government of Costa Rica (20062012); National Crime Records Bureau India, Crime in India (2001-2012); European Homicide Monitor (2003-2006).
Homicide typologies: Regional patterns (cont’d)
• Intimate partner/family-related
homicide: 14% of all homicides
(2012)
• Greater intensity in Americas (higher
rate), larger share of all homicides in
Asia, Europe, Oceania
• 2/3 of all victims are female
• 47% of all female victims of homicide are
killed by these perpetrators
• Those most at risk: women aged 30+
• Very stable form of homicide
Homicide mechanisms, by region (2012)
• Firearms
account for
2/3 of all
homicides in
the Americas
• Sharp objects
used in more
than 50% of
all homicides
in Oceania
Source: UNODC Homicide Statistics (2013) and the IHME (2012).
Worldwide demand for an international crime classification
 At every national and international public forum on crime, the demand is made for
better and comparable data on crime to support evidence-based policies on crime
 After a six year long process, that involved inputs from 77 countries, many of them
from the Americas, the ICCS presents a tool to make significant progress in this area
 Many countries are already actively engaged with UNODC to implement the ICCS –
some are piloting the development of “correspondence tables” that will map national
crime categories into the ICCS
 The ICCS is also supported by regional organizations – e.g. the EU/Eurostat will
produce an EU manual for mapping national crime data to the ICCS and will offer
training to European countries on the ICCS; and the Secretariat of the OAS supports
countries through information and awareness raising activities
Better statistics
to better inform policy makers
Thank you for your attention !
Website:
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/iccs.html
Contact:
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]