Transcript Cardiovascular Disease

 “The
collective term for various forms of diseases
of the heart and blood vessels.”
 Examples?
 Heart
attack, coronary artery disease (CAD),
hypertension, stroke, peripheral vascular disease,
congestive heart failure, angina
 Atrial


fibrillation
Irregular atrial
rhythm
Usually treated with
medications
 Arrhythmia


Irregular heartbeat
Usually treated with
medications
 Valve



problems:
Stenosis
Incomplete closure
Prolapse
 Heart
failure
 Myocardial
infarction
 About
CVD.
2,200 Americans die every day from
 Remains
the #1 killer although death rates
have declined 30% since 1998.
 CVD


discriminates
Men more likely to have CVD; women more likely
to die
Lower incomes, lower educational levels and
specific ethnicities are more likely to develop
CVD.
Oregon.gov, 2010
 Chest
discomfort
 Discomfort in arms, neck, jaw, stomach
 Short of breath
 Cold sweat
 Nausea, vomiting
 Lightheadedness, dizziness
 Differences
between men and women?
 Modifiable


What is the #1
modifiable risk
factor?
 Non-modifiable



Age
Gender
Heredity
#2?

Where do income
level and education
fit in??
 Cigarettes,
cigars, chew
 Nicotine is main, active ingredient


Thought to be the most physically addictive drug.
Amount of nicotine in products has increased 10%
between 1998 & 2004.
 Acts


Increases heart rate, blood pressure, alertness,
concentration, memory.
May act as mild sedative

3

as a stimulant
Decreases anxiety, irritability, mild depression
out of 4 smokers want to quit
75% will quit but start again within one year
 “If
excessive smoking actually plays a role in
the production of lung cancer, it seems to be a
minor one.”

The National Cancer Institute, 1954
 “Tobacco
use imposes enormous public health
and financial costs on this nation – costs that
are completely avoidable.”

Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of Health & Human
Services, 2010
Source: www.medicineworld.org
 Leading


preventable cause of death in U.S.
Causes more deaths every year than HIV, illegal drug
use, alcohol use, motor vehicle accidents, suicides and
murders combined!
Smokers die an average of 14 years earlier than nonsmokers.
Source: www.cancercontrol.cancer.gov
Source: news.bbc.co.uk
 Regulations
Restricting the Sale and
Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless
Tobacco to Protect Children and Adolescents

Restricts sale, distribution, and promotion of
tobacco products to make them less accessible to
youth.

Law went into effect June 22, 2010


(FDA, 2010)
http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/Cigar
etteProductWarningLabels/ucm2024177.htm
(Fda.gov, 2011)
(FDA.gov, 2011)
 Thoughts?
 Warnings
were to
appear Sept. 2012
but….
(FDA.gov, 2011)
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
CDC, 2011
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
CDC, 2011
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
15%–19%
CDC, 2011
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
15%–19%
≥20%
CDC, 2011
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
15%–19%
≥20%
CDC, 2011
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
15%–19%
20%–24%
≥25%
CDC, 2011
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
15%–19%
20%–24%
25%–29%
≥30%
CDC,2011
*Prevalence reflects BRFSS methodological changes in 2011, and these estimates should not be compared to
previous years.
15%–<20%
20%–<25%
25%–<30%
30%–<35%
≥35%
NationMaster.com, 2012
 Portion
Sizes
 Physical
Inactivity
 Genetics
 Media
 Technology
 Energy

Imbalance
Is it enough to say “eat less, exercise more”?
 Humans
are programmed to eat and store
excess.
 Portion
 School
Sizes
Lunches
 Government
subsidies
(Brownell, 2006)
 What
is the recommended amount of daily
activity?
 Schools
and PE
 Sedentary
Workplaces
 Communities
 “We
have engineered activity out of our
lives” (TWON, 2012)
 “Toxic
advertising”
 Health
claims on food
 TV
time has increased
(Center for Media Literacy, 2011; Heidi Cody, 2000)
 Hyperlipidemia

Elevated lipids in the blood
 Hypercholesterolemia

High cholesterol (LDLs usually)
 Not
always due to dietary intake
http://www.mayoclinic.com/images/image_popup/ww5r236.jpg
 Blood
supply is somehow cut off to the brain
causing brain cells to die.

“Approx. 2 million brain cells die per minute during a
stroke aging the brain about 3.5 years each hour.” (Insel &
Roth, 2009)

Important to receive prompt treatment upon onset of
symptoms.
Source: http://www.strokesurvivors.ca/new/images/stroke_diagram.gif
~700,000
Americans suffer a stroke every
year. 1/3 will die.
Strokes

may cause permanent damage
Paralysis, speech impairment, memory
loss, behavior changes.
Oregon,gov, 2010
 Sudden
numbness/weakness of face, arm, leg –
especially on one side.
 Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or
understanding.
 Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.
 Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of
balance/coordination
 Sudden severe headache with no known cause.
3

statement test
“Give me a smile”, “Hold out your arms”, “Say this for
me”
 TIA




– “ministroke”
Temporary stroke like symptoms
Brief, usually only last a few minutes
No permanent damage occurs
Can be a precursor to a stroke.
Hypertension:
arteries are narrowed,
causes heart to pump harder which
creates more force against the artery
walls.
“Silent”
 May
disease
cause damage to every organ
 Damage is irreversible
 Primary


(essential):
90% of all cases
Cause is unknown – probably genetics and environment.
 Secondary


10% of cases
Cause is due to medications or other diseases.
 Approx.

1/3 of Americans have hypertension.
Risk increases with age.
 If
left untreated, carries high mortality risk.
 Risk

factors:
Family history, race, stress, obesity, tobacco use,
aging, high sodium intake
 Complications:

Stroke, heart attack, heart failure, hypertensive
retinopathy, renal failure