Transcript Short Term Effects - UCSD Cognitive Science

QUICK FIX
GENERATION
Professor Pineda
Cogs 174
3/7/11
Alice Ahn
Rebecca Schneider
Jacqueline Tran
Ar fa Ahmed
QUICK FIX GENERATION: MISUSED
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS
Introduction
Quick Fix Generation
Prescription Drug Misuse
 Study drug: Adderall
 Adderall
 What does it do?
 Short Term Effects
 Long Term Effects
 Conclusion: Is misuse worth the risk?
CULTURAL MODEL: QUICK FIX GENERATION
 Prioritize Immediate Results
 Advertising companies target consumers with messages of
ultimate convenience
 Make the degree of convenience seem
almost magical, fantastical
 Disregard Long Term Effects
THE QUICK FIX: “STUDY DRUGS”
“Never seen a prescription drug that has
an appeal to college-age students more
than Adderall and Ritalin”
2010 Study at University of Kentucky:
“casual” misuse of Adderall among
students:
 Juniors and Seniors: 50-60%
 Juniors/Seniors in Frat/Sorority: 80%
THE STUDENTS WHO MISUSE ADDERALL
 Students looking for a
competitive edge; not
informed of side effects
 “Don’t make students
any smarter, but those
who abuse them
become psychologically
dependent”
 Positive Reinforcement
 become a way of life for
students who misuse these
drugs
GETTING ADDERALL
From 1995-2006
 Increase in
prescriptions: 100.3 %
 Increase in
Consumption: 268.9%
• Easy Access
 Fellow Students –
Campus Black Market
 Online
 Craigslist
 Prescription

Fake symptoms
SHORT TERM
EFFECTS
WHAT IS ADDERALL USED FOR?
Treat ADHD
Increases attention
Decrease impulsivity
Decrease hyperactivity
Treat narcolepsy
Part of a Total Treatment Program
With counseling/therapies
HOW DOES IT WORK?
Schedule 2 controlled substance
Adderall is available in IR and XR and is
prescribed in a variety of doses
Pill enters the bloodstream where the active
ingredients stimulate the brain’s production of
norepinephrine and dopamine
COMMON MISUSE OF ADDERALL
Dieters
College students for
its effects on
alertness,
concentration, libido
and hunger
People who want to
stay up to party
NEGATIVE SHORT TERM EFFECTS
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Headache
Stomach ache
Trouble sleeping
Weight loss
Dry mouth
Decreased appetite
Nervousness
Nausea
diarrhea
Dizziness
*do not drive or operate machinery
while taking Adderall as it could
impair your coordination/
judgment
SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS
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Heart related problems which can result in sudden death
Stroke
Increase heart pressure/ heart rate
Grinding of teeth
Changes in sexual ability or desire
Increased Aggression
Increased:
 Depression
 Hostility
 Abnormal thoughts
 Emergence of Pre-existing Psychotic Symptoms
 Ex: Inducing Bi-polar illness
 Ex: Inducing Pre-Existing Psychosis
SIDE EFFECTS THAT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE
MEDICAL ATTENTION
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Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Fainting episode
Severe headaches
Pounding, fast or otherwise irregular heartbeat
Jaw pain
Pain on the left arm
Seizures
Swelling of the ankles or feet
Extreme fatigue
Blurred vision
Weakness on one side of the body
Slurred speech
confusion
 Severe allergic reactions
WHAT NOT TO COMBINE ADDERALL WITH
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High blood pressure
Any form of heart disease – can lead to sudden death
Worsening of insomnia
A history of addiction to drugs or alcohol – can lead to addiction
Tourette syndrome – can lead to sudden death
Medications:
 MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)- have serious life-threatening
effect
 Antidepressant medications
 Blood pressure medications
 Blood thinners
 Cold/ allergy medication that contain decongestants
 Seizure medications
 Stomach acid medications
 Combining Adderall with other medication can alter, increase, or
decrease the effect of the medication
LONG TERM
EFFECTS
POSITIVE EFFECTS
Increased
Focus, attention, motivation
Duration of concentration
Elevated mood
Enlarge parts of the brain associated
with focus, motivation, and attention
Weight loss
NEGATIVE LONG TERM EFFECTS
Financially draining
Increased
aggression
Poor study habits
Does not fix the real
problem!
Weight loss
NEGATIVE CONTINTUED
Anorexia
Stroke
Heart attack
Sudden death
Hair loss (although rare)
Increased blood pressure
NEGATIVE EFFECTS - NEUROLOGICAL
Blocks long term synaptic depression in
ventral Tegmental area
Amphetamine psychosis
Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia
Akathisia
Motor restlessness
ADDICTION
ADDICTION
It IS a Schedule II controlled substance
Tolerance - easy to go on higher dose
Keep up the competitive edge
AMPHETAMINE ADDICTION
Dermatoses
Insomnia
Hyperactivity
High Body Temperature
Personality Changes
Even PSYCHOSIS
Clinically indistinguishable from schizophrenia
WITHDRAWAL
• After stopping high
doses
• extreme fatigue
• mental depression
• Anhedonia
• Anxiety
• Cravings
• Nightmares
THE QUICK-FIX: Does it
ADDERALL work?
AKA “IVY LEAGUE CRACK”
THE OBSERVER (ENGLAND), 2009
“Male undergraduates at highly competitive schools
are the most frequent student users of
neuroenhancers, more likely to belong to a fraternity
or a sorority, and to have a grade point average (GPA)
of 3.0 - ie satisfactory - or lower”
“In other words, decent students at schools where to be a great
student you have to give up a lot more partying than they're
willing to give up.”
"pretty clear trend across the studies that say
neuroenhancers will be less helpful for people who
score above average"
NEWSWEEK ARTICLE - JANUARY 17, 2011
• “ same dopamine-boosting benefits by [belief] that you'll do
well”
• “psychological factors such as motivation and reward help
with memory, but not higher-order processes such as
abstract thought.”
• “positive mood--even the kind that comes from watching
"Sneezing Panda" on YouTube --can enhance creative
problem-solving, finds a new paper in Psychological Science.
reducing stress and the resulting cortisol, which attacks the
myelin sheath that coats neurons and thus impairs signal
transmission, allows underlying abilities to reach their full
potential.
• 1) exercise 2) meditation 3) complex and intricate video
games provide brain with similar ef fects without drugs
THE QUICK-FIX: ADDERALL
Does it work?
• As a last minute study drug:
Yes, may improve your score if you normally
score below average
Yes, for memorization
No, for abstract or complex thinking
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• Fix the real problem?
Time management, prioritization issues,
developing discipline?
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No
THE QUICK-FIX:
ADDERALL
Is it worth
the risk?
MOST COMMON JUSTIFICATION FOR
ADDERALL ABUSE
“The stuff comes right from a doctor. So
I don’t really stress over knowing a lot
about it. It’s obviously not going to hurt
you . . . They couldn’t give it to 50
millions kids if it did.”
“the problem is not only that they do not
know, but that they are content with not
knowing”
RECAP OF FDA’S WARNINGS
Sudden death
Serious cardiovascular adverse events
Worsening mental illness
Possible decreased growth
Increased tics
Headaches
Nightmares
Mood changes
FDA WARNINGS ON ADDERALL USE
CONTINUED…
Danger is exponentially increased if
users have
Undiagnosed heart defects
High blood pressure
Heart or blood vessel disease
Overactive thyroid
Majority of sudden deaths linked with pre
existing heart problems
THE QUICK-FIX: ADDERALL
Is it worth the risk?
• Besides FDA’s warnings…
Scarce conclusive research has been performed on the
long term effects of Adderall use on brain structure
• No research has been conducted on the long term
effects of Adderall use on the non ADHD brain
• Adderall specifically acts on brain regions thought to
be impaired in ADHD patients
• Pre-Frontal Cortex: executive control
• Anterior Cingulate Cortex: rational cognitive functioning
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THE QUICK FIX GENERATION
A QUICK FIX TO THE GRAVE?
YOU DECIDE!
If you care about your health, do the
research; be a nerd!
REFERENCES
 http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?
docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T11365717566&format=GNBFI&sor t=REL
EVANCE&star tDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T11365717570&cisb=22
_T11365717569&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=314237&docNo=
18
 http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?
docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T11365717566&format=GNBFI&sor t=REL
EVANCE&star tDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T11365717570&cisb=22
_T11365717569&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=6742&docNo=5
 http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/
 http://www.bing.com/health/ar ticle/goldstandard 1500082520/Amphetamine - Aspar tate- Amphetamine-SulfateDextroamphetamine -Saccharate-Dextroamphetamine -Sulfate-Oraltablet?q=adderall
 http://www.npr.org/templates/stor y/stor y.php?stor yId=100254163
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC2681078/
REFERENCES
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http://www.drugs.com/sfx/adderall -side-ef fects.html
http://adderall.net/
http://www.mahalo.com/adderall/
http://www.ritalinsideeffects.net/
http://www.mahalo.com/adderall -side-ef fects/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSj_FdOQACw&feature=pla
yer_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0ihO1KFxkQ
http://www.drugs.com/pro/adderall.html
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/inde
x.cfm
http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010 -0707/news/27069332_1_craigslist -adderall-drug-wholesalers
REFERENCES
 Easton, N. (2007). "Dif ferential ef fects of the D - and L- isomer s of
amphetamine on pharmacol ogi cal MRI BOLD contrast in the rat"
Psychoph armacology. 11-29.
 DeSantis, A . (2010). Adderall is Definitely Not a Drug": Justification for
the Illegal Use of ADHD Stimulants. Substance Use & Misuse, 45:31 -46.
 Connecticut, C. (1997). Stimulants. The brain's response to drugs.
Connecticut Clearinghouse.
 "Amphetamine Blocks Long -Term Synaptic Depression in the Ventral
Tegmental Area ." The Journal of Neuroscience . N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar.
2011 . <http://www.jneurosci .org/cgi
 "Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine." Adder all Ef fects . N.p., n.d. Web.
1 Mar. 2011 . http://www.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PM H0000166 .
 "What are the Side Ef fects Adderall Is Known For?." ADHD Remedies to
Eliminate Symptoms of ADHD . N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2011 .
<http://www.add -adhd -help -center.com/adderall_side_ef fects .