Transcript Current America Power Point

Civil Rights Movement
 The movement to establish civil rights in
America has been a difficult struggle.
 . 1954- Brown v. ( Topeka Kansas) Board
of Education- Supreme court case stated
that segregated schools were unequal and
must be desegregated ( Reversed Plessey v.
Ferguson)
 States were ordered to begin integration of
public schools
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 Thurgood Marshall- led the NAACP legal
team for desegregation which resulted in
the Brown Decision.
 Oliver Hill- led the NAACP legal team in
Virginia
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Results of School Desegregation:
 Some rural schools closed
 Whites built private academies
 White flight from urban schools
 White resistance to desegregation was called
Massive Resistance.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
 Dec. 1, 1956- Rosa Parks refused to give up
her seat to white passengers on a
Montgomery, Alabama bus.
 Rosa Parks was arrested for violation of
Montgomery segregation laws which
required black passengers to move to the
back of the bus.
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 African Americans boycotted the Montgomery
Bus line. The bus line as well as white downtown
businesses begin to lose money.
 Martin Luther King, Jr. continued to ask African
Americans to demonstrate using non violence.
 November 13, 1963- US Supreme Court declares
that the Montgomery segregation laws are
unconstitutional.
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Local History- before Rosa Parks
 Irene Morgan- was arrested in Middlesex County, Virginia in
1944 for refusing to give up her seat on an interstate bus
according to the state law in Virginia regarding segregation.
 In her case, Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, the
Court ruled that Virginia law was unconstitutional, as interstate
commerce was protected by the Commerce clause.
 Irene Morgan Kirkaldy died in Gloucester, Va. In 2007.
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The Little Rock Nine
Elizabeth Eckford being denied access to Central
High School
 In September, 1957 the Federal Court ordered the desegregation of
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
 Angry mobs, including the governor and the National Guard stopped
the nine African American students from entering the school.
 President Eisenhower sent in the US Army to provide transportation
and protection to the nine African American students as they
attended Central High School.
 The students were frightened, but demonstrated extreme courage.
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 1962- James Meredith- first African American
student to attend the University of Mississippi
James Meredith was
escorted to class by Federal
Marshalls for his protection.
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JFK- John Fitzgerald Kennedy
 Elected in 1960
 Inaugural: “ … the US would
 pay any price, bear any burden,
 meet any hardship, support any
 friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the
survival or success and liberty… ”
 “… Ask not what your country can do for you; ask
what you can do for your country.”
 Assassinated November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.
By Lee Harvey Oswald.
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JFK
25 min.
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President Johnson-1963-1968
 Vice President Lyndon Johnson becomes
President after the assassination of President
Kennedy.
 Johnson is able to have civil rights
legislation passed in Congress and begins
an economic aid program for the poor called
“The Great Society”
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August 28,
1963- March on
Washington for
Jobs and
Freedom.
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During this march,
Martin Luther King,
Jr.- delivered his “I
have a dream…”
speech- which
influenced public
opinion and
demonstrated the
power of nonviolent
mass protest.
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Martin Luther King, Jr.
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1964- Civil Rights Act of 1964
( Passed under President Johnson)
This Act prohibited discrimination based on
race, religion, national origin, or gender
( ended segregation of public
accommodations)
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1965- Voting Rights Act of 1965
 This Act outlawed literacy tests as a
requirement to vote and increased African
American voters.
 Also, passed under President Johnson.
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 24 Amendment-
 This Amendment outlawed the poll tax as a
requirement to vote
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 Stokeley Carmichael- African American that
coined the phrase “Black Power” in order to
unify African American communities.
 Bobby Seale and Huey
 Newton found the
 Black Panther Party
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Malcolm X African American that
was a leader of the
Nation of Islam and
spread the idea of
Black Nationalism- in
order to promote
separate identity and
racial unity. He later
changed his views and
broke with the NOI.
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 Malcolm formed the Organization of
African American Unity (OAAU) to
support human rights for all .
 On February 21, 1965 while making a
speech in Manhattan, Malcolm X was
assassinated by three members of the NOI.
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Birmingham, Alabama
 Sit-Ins and Boycotts to
end segregation begin
in Birmingham.
 Demonstrators are
met with resistance by
local police and fire
departments.
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March from Selma to Montgomery

Demonstrators
march from Selma
to Montgomery,
Alabama asking for
fairness in voter
registration.
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Freedom Riders
 African Americans
and whites called
Freedom Riders
travelled by bus
throughout the South
attempting to assist
African Americans to
register to vote and to
protest segregation.
 Freedom Riders were
attacked in several
cities.
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1968 – a Difficult Year
 Tet Offensive in Vietnam – changed
American public opinion against the war.
 Martin Luther King Jr.- assassinated in
Memphis, Tennessee on April 4,
1968 by James Earl Ray.
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1968
 During his campaign for the Presidency,
Robert Kennedy ( brother of the
assassinated President John. F. Kennedy)
was assassinated in Los Angeles, California
on June 5, 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan.
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1968
 Police and protesters clash at the 1968
Democratic Convention in Chicago.
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1968
 Riots broke out in Chicago, Watts in LA,
and many other cities across America
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1968
-Johnson declines to run for re election
- Prague Spring ends in Czechoslovakia
-Nixon elected President – 1968
-Nixon introduced a program
 Called “New Federalism”- the states
would assume more responsibility for
government.
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1970’s
 The early 1970’s was a time of growing distrust in the
National Government.
Nixon is re elected in 1972
Nixon begins the China Initiative ( to open relations with
China) and visits China in 1972.
Soviet –American Détente ( to improve relations with the
Soviet Union) – and visits Moscow and signs SALT I (
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) an agreement with
Premier Leonid Brezhnev to limit nuclear missiles or
ICBM’s
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The Pentagon Papers
 The Department of Defense had completed a study of
Vietnam - 1945-1967. The study revealed that a succession
of Presidents and military officials had lied to the
American public regarding events in Vietnam.
 In 1971, Daniel Ellsberg, who had worked on the project,
leaked articles to the New York Times.
 Ellsberg was arrested and his offices bugged by Nixon’s
Plumbers. Ellsberg was later released.
 The Study, now referred to as The Pentagon Papers were
released and exposed the intentional deception of the
American people about Vietnam, thus increasing the
nation’s distrust in government.
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1972- The Watergate Scandal
In June 1972, five men with cameras and
bugging equipment were caught as they broke
into the National Democratic Headquarters
offices located in the Watergate Building in
Washington, DC. It was learned they were trying to find
information on the Democrats and also bug offices.
After a long Senate select investigation it was revealed
that the burglars and the entire plan to discredit the
Democrats came from the Committee to Re-elect the
President, Nixon and leaders of his White House staff.
.
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 It was also revealed that Nixon had taped conversations
with his advisors. Nixon refused to release the tapes,
claiming executive privilege. Eventually the Supreme
Court ruled in United States v. Nixon that the President
could not withhold evidence in an investigation and
compelled Nixon to turn over all tapes in their entirety.
 Watergate Scandal- Eventually the Washington Post and
hearings revealed that Nixon and his staff were directly
involved in the break in and cover up. Five men were
convicted of burglary and perjury.
 Impeachment proceedings then developed against Nixon.
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 Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, the only President to
resign from office.
 VP Gerald Ford took the oath of office as President.
 Ford later pardoned Nixon for any wrongdoing.
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Richard Nixon
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Counter Culture Movement
 A term that applied to the 1960’s
youth movement ( mostly on
colleges) that rejected the values
and authority of mainstream
America.
 The 1969 music festival a
Woodstock represented this
movement as Hippies rejected
standard morals and values. This
movement was criticized because
it stressed drugs and a withdrawal
from responsibilities.
 In May of 1970 four students
were killed and nine wounded by
the National Guard at Kent State
as they protested the Vietnam
war and the bombing of
Cambodia.
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Women in Contempory
America
 Betty Friedan published the Feminine
Mystique in 1963- which examined the
isolation and lack of fulfillment felt by
many American housewives.
 Friedan also helped to establish NOW, the
National Organization for Women in 1966dedicated to establishing equality for
women.
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 During the 1980’s, women began to join the
workforce outside of the home in large
numbers.
 1960- only 35% of women worked outside
of the home
 1990- 60% of women worked outside of the
home
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Space
 Sally Ride – became the first female US
Astronaut.
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Supreme Court
 Sandra Day O’Conner became the first
female Supreme Court Justice.
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Supreme Court
 Membership on the Supreme Court
continues to include women and minorities:
 Sandra Day O’Connor ( 1st woman on the
Supreme Court - retired)
 Ruth Bader Ginsburg
 Elena Kagan
 Sonia Sotomayor
 Clarence Thomas
(2nd
African American
)
Women of the Supreme Court
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Women’s Issues Today
 1. need for free day care
 2. need for equal pay
 3. end of “pink collar ghetto” or low paying
jobs
 4. end of the “ glass ceiling” or limitations of
advancement
5. Abortion
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Rule of Law- Constitutional Issues
 Griswold v. Connecticut 1965 – upheld the
issue of the constitutional right to marital
privacy.
 Roe v. Wade ( 1973) Supreme Court
decision that ended State regulation of
abortion and reinforced privacy issues in
that a woman’s choice to have an abortion
was protected as a private citizen between
her and her doctor.
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 Chamber of Commerce of the USA v.
Michael Whiting- upheld the rule of law
requiring State of Arizona employees to
enforce immigration laws and verify
employee eligibility.
 Miranda v. Arizona - 1966 Defined the due
process clause of the 14th Amendment
requiring that criminal suspects must be
warned of their rights before being
questioned by police.
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Space Race
 1957- USSR launched Sputnik- 1st satellite in orbit
 JFK in 1961, stated we can reach the moon in this decade
 John Glenn- 1st American to orbit the earth
 Neil Armstrong- July 1969- 1st man to reach the moon “that’s
one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”
 Sally Ride- was the first female American astronaut.
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Technology
 Technology has led to medical improvements:
Dr. Jonas Salk- developed the polio vaccine
Space exploration
Space Shuttle
Mars rover
Voyager Missions
Hubble Telescope
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 Communications Today:
 Satellites
 GPS
 Personal communication devices
 24 hr. cable news
 PC’s
 Messaging: Examples !!
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Changes in work, school and health care
in recent decades
 Telecommuting
 On-line course work
 Service industries
 Improved medical diagnostic and imagining
techniques
 Outsourcing and off-shoring
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Recent Immigration
 Immigration- Since 1970 immigration
patterns have had important effects on the
US.
 Recent immigrants have come mostly from
Asian and Latin American countries,
especially Vietnam, Cuban and Mexico.
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 Results of recent immigration has resulted in :
 Bilingual education – and ESL courses
(English as a second language)
 Embargo of Cuba
 Cuban exiles have traditionally voted Republican
 Mexicans have traditionally voted Democratic
 Immigrants work in low paying jobs.
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President Gerald Ford – 1974-1976
 Ford’s program was called WIN – whip inflation now.
 Agreed to the Helsinki Accords- signed by thirty nations to
ensure European security.
 Ford faced opposition- pardoned Nixon.
 Defeated by Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter in 1976.
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President Jimmy Carter – 1977-1981
 1979- Nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island
nuclear plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
 Camp David Accords- under Carter’s leadership, a
peace agreement was reached between President
Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister
Menachem Begin of Israel.
 Iran Hostage Crisis- 52 Americans were held
hostage in Tehran, Iran for 444 days.
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President Ronald Reagan- 1981-1989
 Urged Gorbachev “ to tear down this wall” regarding
Berlin.
 A conservative President- the “Reagan Revolution”
 Advocated: tax cuts, more responsibilities to state
governments, judges that exercised “judicial restraint”,
reduction of government, strengthened the military.
 Forced the USSR to spend on its military with the Reagan
threat of Strategic Defense Initiative or “Star Wars”
 Reagan Revolution extended beyond his tenure in office
and affected the election of H.W. Bush, the election of the
centrist Democrat William Clinton, the Republican sweep
in the 1990’s, and election of George W. Bush .
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Ronald Reagan
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President George H.W. Bush – 1989-1993
 Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
 Reunification of Germany
 Collapse of Yugoslavia
 Collapse of the USSR – 1991
 Persian Gulf War- 1990-1991- first war in
which women served in a combat role “Operation Desert Storm”- US and 27 other
nations fight against Iraq for the liberation
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of Kuwait.
President William J. Clinton -1993-2001
 Established the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
 Obtained full diplomatic relations with Vietnam
 Lifted economic sanctions against South Africa after
apartheid ended
 Involved in NATO action in Yugoslavia
 Involved in several scandals during his presidency,
including Whitewater, and the affair with a White House
intern, Monica Lewinsky.
 Clinton was impeached but was acquitted by the Senate.
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Eastern Europe
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President George W. Bush- 2001-2008
 Terrorists attack on the US- 9/11/2001
 Two airplanes attacked twin towers in New
York, one plane attacked Pentagon, one
plane forced down in Pennsylvania
 War in Afghanistan
 War in Iraq – Iraqi Freedom
 After the war- operation Nation Building.
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President Barack Obama- 2008
 First African American elected President
 National Health Care program
 War in Afghanistan
 Economic Crisis
 Middle East Crisis in Egypt
 US joins NATO in Libya
 Re elected in 2012
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Current Events
 AIDS
 Global Warming
 New World Order- US involvement in the 1991 Gulf War and the
invasion of Iraq in 2003.
 International Terrorism- September 11, 2001 – Twin Towers in
New York and part of the Pentagon destroyed.
 US responded with heightened security at home with the Patriot
Act.
 Current economic recession
 US Involvement in Afghanistan
 US and NATO involvement in Libya
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Government and the Economy
 The Federal government has the ability to influence the US economy
based on economic indicators like the Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
exchange rates, rate of inflation, and unemployment.
 Role of the government: is to promote a healthy economy with full
employment and low inflation.
 How? 1. The Federal Reserve controls monetary policy through the
supply of money and credit to expand or contract economic
growth.
2. The president and Congress- Fiscal policy decisions which
determine levels of taxation and spending.
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Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy
 In our economy, we have a market economy, which
means we usually go through several phases of a business
cycle – expansion, peak and then recession .
 The government has two types of economic policies to
help control our market economy for the benefit of
people and business: Fiscal Policy and Monetary
Policy
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Fiscal Policy
 Fiscal Policy- are economic decisions set by the national or
federal government. They are designed to help expand or
contract our economy.
 Examples of fiscal policy decisions include taxes and the
amount of government spending.
 In a recession, taxes are lowered and government spending
increases.
 In an expanding economy, taxes are raised and government
spending decreases.
Monetary Policy
 Monetary Policy- is under the control of a central bank, which is our
Federal Reserve System. In our society, unlike Fiscal Policy, the
Federal Reserve System is independent and not under the direct
control of the President or Congress.
 The Federal Reserve System may create changes in our economy by
raising or lowering interest rates and by increasing or decreasing the
amount of the money supply in our economy.
 In a recession, the Fed will lower interest rates and increase money
supply.
 In an expanded economy, the Fed will increase interest rates and
decrease money supply