Transcript Development

Development
More Developed Regions
Anglo America
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Homogeneity
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90% English & Christianity
Can cause racial discrimination and
tension
Large minorities well represented
Production Changes
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Once world’s leader
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Resources still available for future use
Remain largest consumers and
markets for most products
Adaptation/Leading Provider
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Steel
Autos
Other goods – i.e. textiles
Financial/management
High-tech
Mass Media
Entertainment/recreation/sports (leisure
based activities)
Agriculture
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World’s largest exporter
Only region with significant amount of
arable land still available
Few farmers, yet large % engaged in
some aspect of food production
Western Europe
• Global Scale
– Unity through Indo-European
languages and Christianity
• Historically
– Conflict due to diversity of
languages and religions
– Goods through colonies
– Unification post WWII
• Highest developmental core
area
– Western Germany,
northeastern France, northern
Italy, Switzerland, southern
Scandinavia, southeastern
UK, Belgium, the
Netherlands, and
Luxembourg
• Periphery keeps it below US
level of development
– Southern Italy, Portugal,
Spain, and Greece
Western Europe
• Changes
– Increased number of Muslim
and Hindu immigrants
– Zero population growth
– Problems blamed on
immigrants
– Must purchase
goods/products
• Economic powerhouse
– Unity providing economic
stability and power
– Elimination of economic
barriers is cause
– Provide high value goods and
services
• Insurance
• Banking
• Luxury vehicles (BMW,
Mercedes Benz)
Eastern Europe
• Changing development
– Significant decrease in HDI
since UN inception in 1990, and
only region to do so
– 1990 – comparable to WE and
AA
– 2000 – comparable to LA
• Iron Curtain
– Baltic to Adriatic or east of 15º E
– Rapid development - 50’s and
60’s
– Development comparable to
Western European countries
• Communism
– Based on MDC’s, but had to be
applied to LDC’s
– Few modern industries, mostly
agricultural countries
Eastern Europe
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5-Year Plans
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Public, not private economic development
Gosplan/Russia – national planning
commission
Production goals by economic sector and
region
Three main developmental policies
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1. Heavy industry – Iron/steel, machine tools,
petrochemicals, mining, transportation,
armaments, and electrical power
2. Asian Russian development – due to
concerns over invasion, and desire for
widespread development
3. Manufacturing locations – near resources,
without consumer goods in mind
Problems with central planning
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Most fundamental problem – lack of concern
for consumer demand (remember the Levi’s)
Emphasis on meeting productivity goals, as
opposed to modernizing, restructuring
industries, and or redistributing surplus
(workers, materials)
Inefficient agricultural practices despite
abundance of arable land
Central government orders ignored
Apathetic employees – not going to get fired,
so why work hard
Major factory pollution
Eastern Europe
• Proximity
– Western communist countries
more developed
– Production geared to Western
European markets
– Could become Central
Europe?
• Fall of Communism
– Russia and easternmost
countries have lowest HDI’s
– Huge problem with declining
standard of living
– Disparity of wealth a major
issue in Moscow/large cities
– Clustering due to economic
reason falls apart in
Czechoslovakia and
Yugoslavia over cultural issues
Japan
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Third major center of development
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Different cultural tradition, with no connections,
unlike US and Western Europe
Unfavorable ratio of population to resources
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Some of the most intensively farmed land
One of the highest population densities
Must import key materials
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Great industrial power
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Historically developed using large population
willing to work for low wages
Low-cost products
Specialized in high-quality, high-value products
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Grain and meat, despite small consumption other
than rice
Iron ore and coal, despite being one of the
world’s leading steel producers
Electronics
Autos
Cameras
Concentration of resources
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Education
Training programs to create a skilled labor
force
Twice as much as US spends on research and
development
Government focus on developing new products
and manufacturing processes
South Pacific
• Australia and New
Zealand
• Relatively high HDI,
comparable to other
MDC’s
• Small Population
• Peripheral location
• 90% descendents of 19th
century British settlers
• Net exporters of food and
other resources
• Economies are
increasingly tied to Japan
and other Asian countries
Development
Less Developed Regions
Latin America
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Cultural Characteristics
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Population location
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Urban settlement
Atlantic Coast
Interior unpopulated, but rain forest being
cleared for agricultural purposes
Developmental disparity
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Romance languages – Spanish and
Portuguese
Roman Catholicism
Large population of indigenous people
Large percentage descendents of African
slaves
SE coastal Brazil to NE coastal Buenos
Aires – highly developed
World leader in production and export of
corn and wheat
Mexico’s development due to US
proximity
Remaining areas underdeveloped
Unequal income distribution
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Controlled by few wealthy families,
generating most of the national wealth
Tenant farmers grow coffee, tea, and
fruit for export, as opposed to food for
consumption
Governments encouraging redistribution
of land
East Asia
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China
– World’s second largest economy
– World’s largest population
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Historically
– Wealthiest until 16th century
– Until 1800’s, accounted for 1/3 of
world’s GDP
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People’s Republic of China
– 1949 –civil war
– Nationalist government fled to
Taiwan
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Agriculture
– Pre-communism – tenant farmers
and subsistence farming
– Post-communism – production and
distribution changed to create
enough food to feed entire
population
– Some ownership of land now being
allowed (capitalism)
East Asia - China
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21st century manufacturing
– World’s largest population =‘s
world’s largest market for
consumer goods
– Produces 2/3’s of world’s DVD
players, microwaves, photocopiers,
and shoes (export and
consumption)
– Wal-Mart partnership – pushing
down prices of consumer goods
and factory wages worldwide
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Regional economic inequality
– East coast development
– Beijing to Shanghai – ¼
population, ½ GDP, and ¾ of
foreign investment
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Weaknesses
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Management
Quality control
Banking (primitive)
Legal system
Straining resources
Middle East
• Regionally is majority:
– Desert
– Dependant on imports
– Islamic (95%)
• Petroleum
– Large percentage of world’s
reserves
– Only region that has a trade
surplus
– Only major economic asset
• Billions and billions
– Plenty of money to develop,
yet not always used
– Persian Gulf States vs.
Egypt, Jordan, Syria
• Example - Kuwait
Middle East
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Culture affecting development
– Alternative Human Development
Index (AHDI)
– Three cause for lack of
development (low HDI):
• Lack of political freedom
• Low education levels and literacy
rates
• Lack of opportunities for women
– Shiite vs. Sunni – traditional values
and the influence of globalization
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Israel
– Most states refuse to recognize
– Attacks by neighboring states –
since 1967 and present
– Money for development spent on
military and rebuilding
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Terrorism
– Ambivalent attitude
– Most don’t support attacks
– Few support US invasion of Iraq or
US cultural and developmental
influence
Southeast Asia
• Indonesia
– 17,508 – 13,667 islands
(6,000 inhabited)
– Java -2/3 of population
• Due to volcanic soil and
Dutch colonization
• Vietnam, Thailand, and
Philippines
– Nearly continuous warfare
– Withdrawal
– Communism in Vietnam,
despite French and US
attempts to thwart (19501975)
– Cambodia and Laos also
suffered
• Geography
– Climate to harsh/hot/wet for
cultivation of most grains
– Plus mountains, volcanoes,
typhoons, and tsunamis
Southeast Asia
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Population
– Traditionally low due to inhospitable
environment
– Western medicine and technology
resulted in one of the most rapid
increase rates in the world since mid
1900’s
– Largest Islamic population in the world
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Agriculture
– Due to climate, concentration on
harvesting products for manufacturing
• Palm and coconut oils
• Natural rubber
• Natural fibers
– Major rice exporter
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Manufacturing
– Cheap labor allowing major
manufacturing of textiles and clothing
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Economy
– Slowing due to lack of control and
regulations over industry and
manufacturing
– Funds stolen or unwisely invested
– Painful reforms causing reducing
standard of living
South Asia
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India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Nepal, and Bhutan
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Second-highest population region
Second-lowest per capita income
Very high population density
One of the highest NIR’s
India
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Resources
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Green Revolution
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Primary beneficiary
1960’s western agricultural
inventions/technological breakthroughs
“Miracle” wheat and rice diffused throughout
region
Climate
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Agricultural - Leading producer of Jute (used to
make burlap and twine), peanuts, sugarcane,
and tea
Mineral – Uranium, bauxite (aluminum), coal,
iron ore…
Nearly all precipitation during monsoon season
Output declines sharply if monsoons don’t
come
Hardship if lasts too long
Economy
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4th largest
Rate of growth 2nd only to China
Manufacturing
Services – “How may I help you?”
Sub-Saharan Africa
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Assets
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Low population density
South Africa’s Minerals
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Other mineral distribution
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Mining of resources for Europe, and not for
overall economic development
Landlocked countries can’t ship resources easily
Political Problems
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Poor health
Low education levels
Avg. African consumes less today than ¼ century
ago
World prices of resources dropping
Legacy of colonialism
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Bauxite-Guinea, Cobalt-DRC and Zambia,
Diamonds-Botswana and Congo…
Least favorable prospects
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Chromium, diamonds, manganese, and platinum
State boundaries drawn without regard for
distribution of ethnicities
Post-independence leaders sought personal
gain and local war
Lack of investment due to pilfering and wars
have retarded development
Arable land
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Not enough for the population
Entire region is either desert or tropical
World’s highest NIR
Land more and more overworked, and
producing less and less