Transcript Types of Information System

Business Information Systems
General Information Systems
• All information systems are set up to provide management and
support of day to day organisational activities.
• All organisations have an information processing system, either
complex or simple depending upon their size and organisational
requirements.
• General systems can provide information because they can
process, store and deliver information.
• Typical examples are
•Databases and Database Management Systems (DBMS)
•Spreadsheets
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Business Information Systems
Databases
• Perform a variety of functions to support all types of user.
• Primary function is to store data and specific formats to allow
for easy processing and access.
• Data once input can be processed (formatted) into meaningful
information.
• A range of tools are available to allow the formatting of the
data into acceptable formats for the organisation.
• Examples include
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• Menu systems
• Security systems
• Input screens
• Output screens
• Query & filter facilities
• Validation functions
• Analysis tools
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Business Information Systems
Spreadsheets
• Spreadsheets store, process and output data in a variety of
formats.
• They are commonly used for numerical analysis
• Model numerical data
• Profit & loss accounts
• Forecasting (“what if”)
• Expenditure
• Salary sheets
• They also have a variety of functions :• Automatic calculations
• Modelling and predictive facilities
• Graphical outputs
• Programming functions
• Automatic updating
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Business Information Systems
Specific Information Systems
Here we enter the realm of operational practices.
The “systems” that will be discussed are, in many cases, an
organisational method for completing an activity.
These “systems” cannot be bought in a box from a high street
store.
If these “systems” can be programmed it is because someone
has written a “bespoke” application OR an existing data
application has been customised for a specific purpose.
We are in essence considering the methods used by staff at
different levels of the organisation.
The larger the organisation, the greater need for these systems.
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Business Information Systems
Specific Information Systems
• These can be categorised by the decision making requirements
at different levels within the organisation. Specifically;
• Strategic level systems
• Management level systems
• Knowledge level systems
• Operational level systems
• Each of these information systems supports various levels
within the organisation.
• There can also be very specific information for a particular
department; Sales information system etc.
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Business Information Systems
Types of Information System
Strategic level systems
• Executive support systems (ESS)
Management level systems
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Knowledge level systems
• Expert Systems (ES)
• Knowledge Based Systems (KBS)
Operational level systems
• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
• Office Automation Systems (OAS)
• Process Control Systems
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Business Information Systems
Strategic Level Systems
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
• Exist to support strategic staff in the organisation ;• Long term planning
• Long term forecasting
• Establish trends
• Recognise anomalies
• The ESS relies on historical data to predict trends.
• Needs to have a user friendly GUI, staff are not always IT
savvy.
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Business Information Systems
Characteristics of a successful ESS
Easy to use
Quick and
responsive
Flexible and
adaptable
ESS
Interactive
Good graphical
user interface
Good modelling and analysis tools
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Business Information Systems
Management Level Systems
• Designed to support Middle Management in their decision
making processes.
• They are not exclusive to Managers.
• Used also by strategic levels in their decision making.
• Access to information by staff below management level is
strictly controlled.
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Business Information Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Provides management levels with with data and information
based on :• Current data
• Historical data
• Typically based on internal data; typical examples include:• Financial status
• Performance and productivity levels
• Weekly, monthly and quarterly forecasts, and trends analysis
• Sales targets and figures
• The most important aspect of MIS is it’s role in supporting
managers in their decisions based on facts and figures taken
internally from the organisation.
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Business Information Systems
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Support management levels within an organisation.
• Provide support in making dynamic decisions that are semistructured or unstructured.
• DSS have to be dynamic to allow for the need to support
decisions based upon up-to-date information
• Must provide a fast response to the changing conditions
within an organisation.
• DSS are complex analytical systems designed explicitly with :• Variety of analytical and modelling tools
• Can process, enquire and evaluate certain conditions
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Business Information Systems
Knowledge Level Systems
• The function of the knowledge information systems is to
assist the organisation in the quest to :• identify
• discover
• analyse
• integrate and
• collaborate
new ideas and information so that the organisation may be
more efficient and profitable.
• Used, generally, by those who have achieved high academic
qualifications.
• Usually provide a specific function in the organisation, eg
financial planning, statistical analysis
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Business Information Systems
Expert Systems
• Used by “experts” within the organisation who provide
support data and information for others to use.
• Based upon “rules” and “principles”
• Experts use these systems to deliver this “knowledge base” in
a format that decision makers are then able to use in the
function of their role in the organisation.
• Non experts do not have access to the data processing only the
results.
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Business Information Systems
Knowledge Based Systems (KBS) - Data Mining
• Data mining is a generic term used to explain the action of
extracting information from data.
• Data is processed through tests, analyses, rules.
• The process is intended to located “new” information that may
have been over-looked or “miss-processed”
• It embraces a wide range of technologies, including :• rule induction
• neural networks
• data visualisation
• All this information allows the analyst to better understand the
data
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Business Information Systems
Operational Level Systems
• Used at the operational level in the organisation.
• Supervisors and operational managers (junior) will use them to
track operational activities.
• sales figures for a given period
• production and productivity levels
• ratios examining daily work flow
• It will answer routine operational questions
• what are the present stock levels
• what is presently on the work schedule
• what are the staff rotas for a given period
• It will provide limited answers to structured questions
• there are 53 items of that stock available
• 3 staff are on holiday for that given period
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Business Information Systems
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
• Fundamental to the operation of the organisation
• Provide answers to structured questions
• Examples include ;-
• Holiday booking system
• Customer ordering system
• Payroll system
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Business Information Systems
Office Automation Systems (OAS)
• Set up to identify and increase efficiency in the workforce.
• OAS will enable the workforce to :• communicate more effectively
• promote collaborations and group cohesion
• structure daily tasks and activities
• track and schedule appointments and activities
• increase productivity by reducing repetitive workload
• automate repetitive tasks
• They can be very simplistic - word processors, spreadsheets etc
• Or complex - workflow management systems, electronic
document management systems.
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Business Information Systems
Process Control Systems (PCS)
• Used to monitor and control certain process activities in the
manufacturing activities of an organisation.
• Such application help an organisation by :• improving quality control
• assisting with project planning of a product
• assisting with physical design
• identifying resource requirements
• identifying the development in the product life cycle.
• Such examples include
• spreadsheets
• statistical packages
• project management
• computer aided design (CAD)
• computer aided manufacture (CAM)
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