Transcript Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (1931- 2001)

Diffraction methods and
electron microscopy
FYS 4340 and FYS 9340
University of Oslo
FYS4340 and FYS9340
•
FYS4340
– Theory based on ”Transmission electron microscopy” by D. B.
Williams and C.B. Carter
– Part 1, 2 and standard imaging techniques (part 3)
– Practical training on the TEM
•
FYS9340
– Theory same as FYS4340 + additional papers related to TEM and
diffraction.
– Teaching training.
– Perform practical demonstrations on the TEM for the master
students.
Additional web resources
•
http://nanohub.org/resources/3777
– Eric Stach (2008), ”MSE 528 Lecture 4: The
instrument, Part 1, http://nanohub.org/resources/3907
Members of the Structure Physics Group
August, 2013
PhD students
Permanent academic
Clas Person, Professor
Arne Olsen, Professor
Anette E. Gunnæs, Ass. Prof.
Øystein Prytz, Ass. Prof.
Adjunct academic staff
Sabrina Sartori, IFE
Bjørn Hauback, IFE
Vidar Hansen, UiS
Ole Martin Løvvik, SINTEF
Annett Thøgersen, SINTEF
Girma Gardew
Song Xin
Martin Fleissner Sunding
Fredrik Sydow Hage
Per Harald Ninive, HiG
Jørn Erik Olsen, IFE
Technical
Ole Bjørn Karlsen, senior
Stefano Rubino, head
David Wormald, senior
Researchers
Master students
Helle Berg Bjørsom
Andrey Kosinskiy
Kenneth Kjeverud Strand
Martin Normann
Raluca Tofan
Han Xi
Roger Wold
Kjetil Valset
Espen Flage-Larsen, SINTEF
Phuong Dan Nguyen
Professor emeritus
Johan Taftø
Jon Gjønnes
Tore Amundsen
Permanent and adjunct scientific staff 2013
Experimental
Synthesis
Anette
Theory
Clas
Annett
SINTEF
Sabrina
IFE
Ole Martin
SINTEF
Stefano
Arne
Øystein
David
Ole Bjørn
Vidar UiS
Bjørn IFE
Halvleder
fysikk
FASE
SINTEF
Struktur
Katalyse
IFE
UiS
Industri
Internationale
samarbeids
partnere
Forskningsparken
Funksjonelle
energirelaterte
materialer
i
Oslo.
NORTEM
The Norwegian Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy
VISION OF NORTEM
A world-class TEM
centre providing access
to expertise and state-ofthe-art infrastructure for
fundamental and
applied research within
the physical sciences in
Norway.
LOOK
XX
XXXX
LOOKED
The NorTEM consortium
Trondheim
TEM Gemini Centre
Department
of Physics
Department of Materials
Science and Engineering
SINTEF Synthesis
and Properties
Oslo
Physics
Department
SMN
NTNU
SINTEF
UiO
NORTEM
Financial investment
Granted 58 MNOK from the NRC October 2011,
the partners contribute with 25 MNOK own
share.
Budget
Equipment incl. rebuilding:
Running costs (next 5 years):
Total
71 MNOK
12 MNOK
83 MNOK
With in-kind contributions the project is 116 MNOK
Trondheim
Oslo
NORTEM
Instrumentation
Level 1: State-of-the-art instrument
Projects owned or planned by NORTEM research groups, include
competence and technique development.
External users will not generally operate these instruments.
Level 2: Advanced instrument
Operators with agreed needs get access after
sufficient training and skills. Formalized training
maintains quality and ensures effective use.
Level 3: Standardized and routine TEM
Many users require hands-on access to perform simple tasks, where
analysis is routine or TEM is a minor activity in a project.
Once a specific task is approved, users can be trained.
NORTEM
Instrumentation- level 1 and 2
Oslo-node
TITAN G2 60-300 kV
With probe corrector and
monochromator
JEM 2100F
(trade in JEM 2010F)
UHR pole piece
New, latest generation GIF
NORAN detector
Holography
Trondheim-node
JEM ARM200F
Cold FEG and
double corrected
JEM 2100F
(trade in JEM 2010F)
HR pole piece
Moving GIF, US CCD,
ASTAR, tomography and
Oxford EDS from 2010F
Imaging
The importance of imaging:
1) Information transfer
2) Spatial relations
3) Relates to mental images
Imaging
A picture is worth a thousand words…
What is this?
xxxx are spring-blooming perennials that grow from bulbs. Depending on the species, xxxx plants can grow as short as 4 inches (10
cm) or as high as 28 inches (71 cm). The xxxx's large flowers usually bloom on scapes or subscapose stems that lack bracts. Most xxxx
produce only one flower per stem, but a few species bear multiple flowers on their scapes (e.g. xxxx turkestanica). The showy,
generally cup- or star-shaped xxxx flower has three petals and three sepals, which are often termed tepals because they are nearly
identical. These six tepals are often marked near the bases with darker colorings. xxxx flowers come in a wide variety of colors,
except pure blue (several xxxx with "blue" in the name have a faint violet hue).
The flowers have six distinct, basifixed stamens with filaments shorter than the tepals. Each stigma of the flower has three distinct
lobes, and the ovaries are superior, with three chambers. The xxxx fruit is a capsule with a leathery covering and an ellipsoid to
subglobose shape. Each capsule contains numerous flat, disc-shaped seeds in two rows per chamber. These light to dark brown
seeds have very thin seed coats and endosperm that does not normally fill the entire seed.
xxxx stems have few leaves, with larger species tending to have multiple leaves. Plants typically have 2 to 6 leaves, with some
species having up to 12. The xxxx leaf is strap-shaped, with a waxy coating, and leaves are alternately arranged on the stem. These
fleshy blades are often bluish green in color.
Retrieved from wikipedia on 12.03.12
Imaging
Imaging is very important in research and in everyday’s life:
How many households do not have a TV?
Can you imagine an ID without a picture?
How many papers are published without a figure?
How many fields were born when new instruments could
”look” into new things?
Microscopes, telescopes, CAT, NMR, infrared cameras, etc.
Resolution
Resolution: the size of the smallest object we can detect
The problem with this definition:
Atoms are too small to be detected by the naked eye.
Matter is made of atoms.
We cannot see matter.
Resolution: the smallest distance between two objects so that we can
detect them as separate
Resolution of the human eye: ~2 mm at a distance of 6 m
Limits: wavelenght, aberrations of lenses, S/N, stability
lvisible: 400-700 nm l200keV: 2.5 pm
Bohr radius: 53 pm
Light Optical Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope
In a Scanning Electron Microscope a very small electron beam is
used to probe the sample and create an image pixel by pixel
What determines the resolution?
Yeast
detector
e-
Bone
Some regions interact more than others with the electron
beam and produce a stronger signal (brighter)
19
Transmission Electron Microscope
Gun
TiN coating
Au
nanoparticle
EM lens
20
Transmission Electron Microscope
Electron-matter interactions
E0=100~400 keV
Energy levels
Density of States (DoS)
E
Continuum (vacuum)
n, l, (j=l+s)
0
Empty states
E0F
Valence/conduction band
{
3d {
M shell (18)
L shell (8)
K shell (2)
3p {
3s
{
2p {
L2,3
2s
L1
1s
KAB Ka2
Ka1
K
Stability
Air pressure variations (from air
conditioning, acoustics): < 5 Pa
Room temperature fluctuations:
<0.1°C/30min and <0.05 °C/min
The Titan room today
The NorTEM Blog
http://www.mn.uio.no/fysikk/english/research/groups/structure/blog-and-news/