Transcript FORESTRYppt

FORESTRY
Study Guide Presentation
By
Mrs. Kraushaar March 2008
TREES
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Identify 7 common PA trees
Characteristic to know
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Leaves
Fruit
Bark
Twigs
General Info: Ecological & Economical
Importance
WHAT TREE???
SUGAR MAPLE
SUGAR MAPLE
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Leaves: Opposite, simple, 5-lobed with a few large
teeth
Twigs: Reddish brown to light brown. Buds brown
and sharp-pointed.
Fruit: Horseshoe-shaped with wings almost parallel,
maturing in autumn, sometimes persisting into winter.
Bark: Gray-brown, smooth on young trunks, older
trunks fissured with long, irregular flakes.
SUGAR MAPLE
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Also called rock maple for its hard wood
Important timber tree is found on moist wooded
slopes throughout PA, reaching heights of 60’-80’
The wood is used for furniture, musical instruments
and flooring, and the sap is collected for maple syrup
production.
Birds and rodents eat the seeds. Deer, squirrels,
porcupine and other mammals browse the twigs,
buds, and bark.
Very Shade Tolerant
WHAT TREE???
WHITE ASH
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Leaves: Opposite; compound; about 10” long;
with five to nine leaflets, each 3” to 5” long,
short stalked, silvery beneath
Twigs: Stout, usually smooth, gray-brown
with a few pale lenticels and a white, waxy
coating which is easily rubbed off (called a
bloom.) Buds rusty to dark brown, blunt with
adjoining leaf scars half-circular and notched
at the top.
WHITE ASH
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Fruit: A winged seed, called a samara, usually
1” – 2” long and ¼” wide, shaped like a canoe
paddle with a rounded tip and hanging in
clusters
Bark: Gray-brown, evenly furrowed into
diamond shaped areas separated by narrow
interlacing ridges, slightly scaly on very old
trees.
WHITE ASH
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General: A large tree, often up to 80’ or more;
a long-straight trunk commonly found on rich
soils. Used for baseball bats, handles,
agricultural tools, and furniture. The juice from
the leaf has been reported to relieve mosquito
bite itching. Fall foliage ranges from brilliant
yellow to dark maroon.
WHAT TREE???
EASTERN HEMLOCK
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Leaves: Evergreen needles occur singly, appearing
two ranked on twigs, flattened, about ½” long, dark
green and glossy above, light green with two-white
lines below
Twigs: Slender, tough, yellowish-brown to grayish
brown. Buds egg-shaped, 1/16” long, reddish-brown.
Fruit: Cones ¾” long, egg shaped, hanging singly
from the tips of the twigs. Under each scale are two
small, winged seeds.
EASTERN HEMLOCK
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Bark: Flaky on young trees, gray-brown to redbrown; thick and roughly grooved when older.
General: A large, long-lived tree, important for
construction timber and tannic acid for tanning
leather. Found in cool, moist woods throughout PA
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Official state tree of Pennsylvania
Ruffed grouse, wild turkey, and songbirds find food and
shelter in this tree. Deer browse it heavily when deep snow
makes other foods scarce.
WHAT TREE???
WHITE PINE
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Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of five;
soft & flexible;3-sided, 2 ½ -5” long, and
bluish-green. The only pine native to
Pennsylvania with five needles per bundle.
Twigs: Slender, flexible, with rusty hairs when
young, later smooth. Buds egg shaped, usually
less than ½” long, gray brown.
WHITE PINE
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Fruit: Cones 5”-8” long, without prickles,
slightly curved, resinous; each scale usually
bears two winged seeds as do all our native
pines.
Bark: Young trunks and branches greenishbrown, later darker, grooved, and scaly.
WHITE PINE
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General: Eastern white pines are large trees.
Usually reach 50- 90’ high. “Penn’s Woods”
once saw white pines reaching 150’ and more.
It is one of the most valuable softwood timber
trees, found in moist or dry woodlands
throughout the state, and often planted as an
ornamental in large open areas. Many types of
wildlife feed on the seeds and soft needles.
The inner bark is the preferred winter food of
the porcupine; deer browse the twigs.
WHAT TREE???
NORWAY SPRUCE
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Leaves: Evergreen, stiff,1/2 to 1” long.
Needles are 4-angled, but somewhat flattened,
with a sharp-pointed tip, shiny green.
Twig: Slender to medium in size, lacking hair,
orangish brown. Needles are borne on woody
pegs.
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Fruit: Cones are very large, cylindrical, 4 to 6
inches long, with stiff scales that are
irregularly toothed. Turning brown and
maturing September to November.
Bark: Red-brown and scaly, later turning gray
with flaking scales or plates.
Flower: Males yellow-brown in large groups;
females upright, purple.
NORWAY SPRUCE
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General: A European species that has become
a valuable naturalized member of our forests,
and extensively planted as an ornamental. A
large tree with a dense conical crown.
Branchlets on older trees droop. Wood used
chiefly for paper pulp, boxes, crates, and
lumber.
WHAT TREE???
RED PINE
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Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of two,
slender,4”-6” long, dark green, borne in dense
tufts at the ends of branchlets; snap easily
when bent double.
Twigs: Stout, ridged, yellow brown to redbrown, buds egg-shaped, about ½” long,
brown at first and later silvery.
RED PINE
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Fruit: A cone, about 2” long, without prickles, nearly
stalkless, remains attached until the following year.
Bark: Comparatively smooth, reddish-brown.
General: Like White pine, this medium to large sized
tree develops one horizontal whorl of side branches
each year. A valuable softwood timber tree in the
northern part of the State, its wood is used chiefly for
construction lumber. Native on dry slopes in Luzerne,
Wyoming, Tioga, and Centre counties and planted
extensively by the Bureau of Forestry and the
Pennsylvania Game Commission. Songbirds, mice
and chipmunks feed on the seeds.
WHAT TREE???
Wild Black Cherry
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Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2-5” long; narrow with
tapering tip, shiny above, paler below and usually
with one or more small glands at the base; margins
with short in-curved teeth which distinguish it from
other cherries.
Twigs: Smooth, reddish brown, marked with
numerous pale, round lenticles; often covered with a
thin gray coating which rubs off easily. Buds smooth,
shiny, sharp pointed, reddish-brown tinged with
green. When broken, very bitter smelling.
Wild Black Cherry
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Fruit: Round, black with a purplish tint; 1/3-1/2” in
diameter, containing a single, round, stony seed.
Arranged in hanging clusters. Flowers white, blooms
in June.
General: Commonly 50-70’ high, this species grows
throughout the state. It thrives infertile alluvial soil,
but also grows well on dry slopes. The hard reddishbrown wood is highly prized for quality furniture and
interior trim. Many game birds, song birds, and
mammals, including black bear, eat the fruit and
seeds. When burned it gives off nice color and aroma.
QUESTIONS
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WHAT IS THE MOST
COMMON PA TREE?
ANSWER
RED MAPLE
QUESTION
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What is the most common
type of forest in PA?
ANSWER
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OAK-HICKORY TYPE
QUESTION
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What are the other two types of
forests found in PA?
ANSWER
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Maple-Beech-Birch
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Oak-Pine
TREE GROWTH
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Five parts
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Heartwood
Sapwood
Cambium
Inner bark
Outer bark
TREE GROWTH
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Heartwood: dead part of tree in center;
consists of cellulose held together by linguin
Sapwood: New wood; Living part that carries
water and nutrients up from the roots (xylem)
Cambium: Growing part of the trunk;
produces new bark and wood annually
TREE GROWTH
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Inner Bark: Transports food from the leaves
to rest of tree (Phloem); lives a short while and
then turns to cork
Outer Bark: Protection from outside world;
helps keep the tree from losing moisture and
protects from cold and heat.
QUESTION
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What factors affect tree
growth?
ANSWER
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Water: lack of or abundance of
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Sunlight: too little or too much
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Temperature: too hot or too cold
QUESTION
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What provides for better
forest management?
ANSWER
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THINNING
QUESTION
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What % of PA is
covered by forest?
ANSWER
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Approximately 58%
QUESTION
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What do we call the
forest of PA?
ANSWER
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PENN’S WOODS
Management Practices
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Types of Forest Management Practices
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Shelter wood Cutting
Select Cutting
Seed Tree
Clear Cutting
Diameter Limit
Management Practices
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Shelter wood Cutting: used for shade
tolerant trees
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a cutting system designed to stimulate
reproduction by removing all overstory trees.
This is achieved by a series of cuts spaced
several years apart. Gradual reduction of stand
density protects understory trees and provides a
seed source for stand regeneration
Management Practices
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Select Cutting: Used for Shade Tolerant trees
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a regeneration cut designed to create and
perpetuate an uneven-aged stand. Trees may be
removed singly or in small groups. A well
designed selection cut removes trees of lesser
quality and trees in all diameter classes along with
merchantable and mature high-quality sawlog
trees.
Management Practices
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Seed Tree Cutting: Shade Tolerant Trees
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a mature tree left standing in a harvest cut to
provide seed for regeneration of the cut-over stand
Management Practices
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Clear Cutting: Shade Intolerant
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a type of regeneration or harvest cut which
removes all trees from a stand. A new stand
develops from stored seed, seed from adjacent
stands, sprouts, or advance regeneration
Management Practices
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Diameter Cutting: Shade Intolerant
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Cutting trees depending on a specific diameter.
Not a recommended practice by PA foresters but
the most common type of cutting in our area.
QUESTION
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Who owns the majority
of Penn’s Woods?
ANSWER
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70 % of Penn’s Woods are
owned by private property
owners.
Vertical Forest Stratification
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Canopy
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Midstory
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Understory
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Subterranean
CROWN CLASSES
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Dominant: Above all other trees in the stand
Co-Dominant: In between lower and top of
canopy
Intermediate: Lower than the Co-Dominants
but higher than the lowest class
Suppressed: Lowest trees; do not get adequate
sunlight necessary for good growth
Threats to Forests
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Invasive Species
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Invasive Plants
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Wildfires
Invasive Species in PA
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Emerald Ash Bore: affects ash trees by eating the
cambium layer of tree
Hemlock Wooly Adelgid: destroys hemlocks by
sucking the sap out of the tree. Easily identified by
the white wool like material left on branches of tree
Gypsy Moth: Caterpillars eat leaves and defoliate
trees
Asian Long-horned beetle: Affects mostly Maple
trees by eating cambium layer
Bark Beetle: Causes Dutch Elm disease. Beetle eats
cambium layer
Invasive Plants
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Mile-A-Minute Weed:
Multiflora Rose:
Giant Ragweed:
Tree of Heaven:
Purple Loosestrife:
Bush and Japanese Honeysuckle:
Japanese Barberry:
Garlic Mustard:
Autumn Olive:
Wildfires in PA
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Wildfires do occur in PA
 Ninety-eight percent of our wildfires are caused by people
 One of the major causes of forest fires in Pennsylvania is
debris burning
 our greatest danger of wildfires is in the spring months of
March, April and May, and the autumn months of October
and November
Forest Measuring Tools
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The Biltmore Stick:
Forest Measuring Tools
Forest Measuring Tools
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Clinometer
What are PA trees harvested for?
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Sawlogs
Pulpwood
Vaneer Logs
Baseball Bats
Cabin Logs
Mine Timbers
What %???
How is the tree used?
Best Management Practices
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Some examples of BMPs include:
Creating a written management plan based on a resource
inventory and landowner objectives.
Focus on protection of the residual stand rather than on the
trees being removed. Retaining seed sources of species needed
to achieve long-term management objectives.
Promoting regeneration by controlling competing ferns and
grasses and protecting seeds, seedlings and sprouts from deer
and other wildlife.
Minimizing soil compaction and rutting by matching operating
techniques, season of operation and equipment to soil types
and moisture levels.
Provide adequate riparian buffers between disturbed areas,
such as roads or landings, and streams or wetlands.
Protect cavity trees, snags and food-producing shrubs and
vines for wildlife.