Transcript Chapter 4 Presentation

You are testing an unknown chemical. You add
1 mL of the unknown solution to a test tube
and 1 mL of indicator solution. The solution
turns bright purple.
Tell me if the substance is acidic or basic.
Give the Independent and dependent variable.
Identify
the causes of climate.
Explain how Earth’s temperature
range is maintained.
Identify Earth’s three main
climate zones.
Weather
Climate
Greenhouse
Polar
effect
zone
Temperate zone
Tropical zone
 Weather:
day-to-day (d-d) conditions of
Earth’s atmosphere (atm) at a particular
time and place.
 Climate: average, year-after-year (yr-yr)
conditions of temperature (temp) and
precipitation (precip) in a particular region.
Climate
Precipitation
Temperature
Years
days
Weather
 Nitrogen
(N) =78%
 Oxygen (O) = 20%
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)= 0.036%
 Everything Else = 1.964%
Carbon
Dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), water vapor (H20 g), and
other atmospheric (atm’c)
gasses trap heat energy and
maintain Earth’s temperature
(temp) range.
Known as greenhouse gasses.
Greenhouse
effect: heat is
naturally trapped by the layer of
greenhouse gasses.
 As
a result of the differences of latitude and
angle of heating, Earth has 3 main climate
zones: Polar, temperate, and tropical.
 Polar:
cold, (sun) rays strike at low angle
 Temperate: b/w polar and tropical; temp
changes over course of yr
 Tropical: very warm and wet; nearly direct
rays
Mountains
cause moist air to rise
It cools, and condenses
Forms clouds: precip to
mountains
Areas on far side of mountains
dry
 Greenhouse
effect: traps gasses
inside atm
 The 3 zones are regions with drastic
temperature differences due to
latitude.
 2 factors that determine climate:
temperature, moisture, transport of
heat (by wind, water, and over
land).
 Lets
Draw!
 Concept Cartoon
 Draw me a cartoon (2+ scenes) to answer the
following:


How might the same species of animal vary
(adapt) to different regions?
Not from
Ex: Rabbit: polar: white
around

Temperate: brown
here are
you?
Update
your table of
contents and turn in your
notebooks!
Great work today!
1.
2.
3.
Take out your test, put it in
a pile on the edge of the
table.
Define climate.
Explain how climate is
different than weather.
4-2
 Explain
how biotic and abiotic
factors influence an ecosystem.
 Identify the interactions that occur
within communities.
 Describe how ecosystems recover
from a disturbance.
 Biotic
factor
 Abiotic factor
 Habitat
 Niche
 Resource
 Competitive
exclusion principle
 Predation
 Symbiosis
 Mutualism
 Commensalism
 Parasitism
 Ecological
succession
 Primary succession
 Pioneer species
 Secondary succession
 Both
physical and biological
 Recall:
 Biotic

Living
 Abiotic

Non-living
 Describe


the following in your own words:
Abiotic factors
Biotic factors
 Habitat:
area where an organism lives
 Lets look at some habitats
Savannah
jungle
Forest
Polar/ocean
River
 Niche:
full range of physical and biological
conditions an organism lives in AND the way
it lives
 Lets
look at those same animals and think
about their niche
Adapted to the arid climate,
and able to reach the high
leaves few other animals can
eat.
Specially adapted to climb
trees silently
Diurnal hunter (dusk and
dawn)
Nocturnal
Omnivore, hibernates the
winter, coat changes with
seasons
Very advanced sonic
communication system,
advanced hunting
techniques, technically a
whale but swims like a
dolphin, fastest swimmer
Carnivore, can withstand
very cold water due to fat
layer and orientation of fur,
learned to use tools
 Competition
 Predation
 Symbiosis
 Organisms
of the same (or different species)
compete for a resource.
 Resource: any necessity of life

Ex: water, nutrients
 Competitive
exclusion principle: no 2 species
can occupy the same nice, in the same
habitat, at the same time.
 Predation:
one organism captures and feeds
upon another
 list atlest 2 examples
 Symbiosis:
3



Living together
types
Mutualism: both species benefit
Commensalism: one benefits the other
unaffected
Parasitism: one benefits the other is harmed
 In
the following slides, write Mutualism,
commensalism, or parasitism for each
numbered slide
mutualism
(Brood)
parasitism
Commensalism
commensalism
mutualism
mutualism
parasitism
Parasitism
mutualism
Commensalism
Ecosystems are constantly changing in response
to natural and human disturbances
As it changes, old species die out and new ones
move in, causing further change.
2
types
 Primary
 Secondary
Succession:
another
one coming after
 Primary
succession: occurs on surfaces where
no soils exist


Lichen
Moss
 Can



occur:
After a volcanic eruption
Glacial melt
Change in surface water table
 Pioneer
area
species: first species to populate an
 Secondary
succession: ecosystym gradually
restored after a disturbance
 Disturbances:



Forest fires
Tornados
Anthropologic (human) development




Urban (city) development
Pollution
Deforestation
Wetland destruction
 Succession
occurs in much the same way, the
causes are simply different.
 Suppose:


A blue whale dies, sinks to the bottom of the sea
All sorts of creatures feed on the carcass


Within a year, the corpse is only bone and
decomposing nutrients


Introduces new species
Detrivores are able to survive
When the nutrients are gone

Only bacteria can live
 Both
biotic and abiotic factors influence an
ecosystem.
 A niche is the both where and how an
organism lives.
 Three types of community interactions affect
an ecosystem: competition, predation, and
symbiosis.
 The difference between primary and
secondary succession is that primary occurs
from noting, and secondary is the result of a
disturbance.
 Foldable

Create a foldable to demonstrate your
understanding of the three symbiotic
relationships:



Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
 When
you are finished, paste them to the
back of your notes.
 Succession
Acrostic
 Create an acrostic poem about succession,
either primary or secondary, you need only
use one of the 3 words.
 In example:
No other species can do as I do
I alone can do this job
Change is my friend
Habitats change, I will adapt
Each organism has a place
 Update
your table of contents and
turn in your notebooks.
 Great work today!
1.
2.
3.
Choose an organism and
give it’s habitat and
niche.
Explain primary
succession.
Explain secondary
succession.
4-3
 Explain
microclimates.
 Identify characteristics of major land
biomes.
 Biome
 Tolerance
 Microclimate
 Canopy
 Understory
 Understory
 Deciduous
 Coniferous
 Humus
 Taiga
 permafrost
 Biomes:
complex community, large terrestrial
(land) area, certain types of: soil, climate,
plants, animals.
 All
organisms cannot inhabit every biome
 Certain
conditions are favorable for certain
organisms to survive
 Tolerance:
ability to survive and reproduce in
less than optimal conditions
 Animals
are sensitive to climate change:
change in temperatures or rainfall over a
long period of time.
 Some
animals are so sensitive, they can only
tolerate minor changes
 Microclimates:
small area that differs from
the climate around it
 Tropical
rain forest
 Tropical dry forest
 Tropical savanna
 Desert
 Temperate grassland
 Temperate woodland
 Shrubland
 Temperate forest
 Northwestern coniferous forest
 Boreal forest
 tundra
 Each
has unique biotic and abiotic
features:
 Climate
 Plants
 Animals
Tropical rain forest
Tropical rainforest
Abiotic: hot, wet yrround, nutrient poor
soil
 Plants: broad-leaf
evergreen; ferns,
vines, orchids
 Animals: sloths,
tapiers, anteaters,
monkeys, birds
(toucans), insects,
fishes, reptiles (boa
constrictors)

Tropical dry forest
Tropical dry forest
Tiger
Tropical Dry Forest
Long-tailed macaque
Africa; north, south and central America; Mexico,
India, Australia, tropical islands
Abiotic factors: warm
temperate, seasonal rains,
compact soil, frequent
lightning fires
Tropical savanna
Tropical Savanna
Tropical Savanna
Desert
Desert
Desert
Hairy Scorpion
Desert
Temperate Grasslands
Temperate
Grasslands
Geographic Distribution: Central Asia, North America,
Australia, central Europe, South America
Temperate
woodland and
shrublands
Temperate
woodland and
shrubland
Distribution: west coast of n. and s. America, around
the Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, Australia
Temperate Forest
Temperate Forest
Geographic Distribution: Eastern US, Southern
Canada, Europe, Japan, China, Australia
Northwest
Coniferous Forest
Northwestern
Coniferous Forest
Geographic: Pacific NW US and Canada,
Northern Europe, Asia, S America
Boreal Forest
Boreal Forest
Geographic Distribution: North America,
Asia, northern Europe
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra
Geographic Distribution: North America, Asia,
Europe
Mountain Ranges
Polar Ice Caps
Largest source of fresh water in the world
Choose a biome. Give an example of the
climate, one biotic feature, and one abiotic
feature of that biome.
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities
 Identify
the factors that govern aquatic
ecosystems.
 Identify the two types of freshwater
ecosystems
 Describe the characteristics of the marine
zone.
 Plankton
 Zonation
 Phytoplankton
 Coastal
 Zooplankton
 Wetland
 Estuary
 Detritus
 Salt
marsh
 Mangrove swamp
 Photic zone
 Aphotic zone
ocean
 Kelp forest
 Coral reef
 Benthos
 Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) Levels
 Water Temperature



Cold water has more dissolved oxygen than warm water
DO levels are related to water temperature
Who needs oxygen?

All the marine animals…yes, fish need oxygen too!!!
Governed
by:
Depth
Flow
Temperature
Chemistry
Flowing
water
Standing water
Organisms are
adapted to seasonal
changes in water
level and rate of
flow
Rivers change from
source point to end
point (where they
empty out, usually
ocean)

Source: usually cold (water is from springs),
low in nutrients and clear






shallow and narrow
few phytoplankton
major producers are algae on rocks in river bed
Arthropods in benthic zone that feed on algae and leaves
Common fish is trout
Downstream from source





Wider and deeper
Marshes and other wetlands
Warmer and murkier water
Phytoplankton
Frogs, catfish, insect larvae
What sort of
adaptations
do you see?
Standing-Water
 Water
bodies with very little dissolved salt
 Standing water
 Photic zone: surface of water

Phytoplankton and water plants that use photosynthesis
 Aphotic


zone: no light/little light
Light levels too low to support photosynthesis
Benthic zone


Rock, sand, sediment
Floor
 Phytoplankton


Unicellular algae
cyanobacteria
 Zooplankton

Planktonic animals
that feed on
phytoplankton
 Wetland:
ecosystem in which water cover the
soil or is present at/near the surface of soil
for at least part of the year.
 Water
may be flowing or standing, salty,
or brackish
 Very productive ecosystem
 Four types
Small depressions where
water collects
Lots of mosses
Shallow wetlands along
rivers
Grass-like plants in water
Looks like river of grass
Water is slowly flowing
through these
wetlands
Looks like a flooded
forest
•Wet season (May to
October)
•Dry season
(November to April)
•Unique Wildlife
•Endangered species
•Wetlands where rivers
meet ocean
•Mix of fresh and salt
water (brackish)
•Affected by rise and
fall of ocean tides
•Many are shallow
•Photosynthesis plays a
major role even in
benthic zone
•
•
•
Primary producers are plants and bacteria, who
use both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
Estuary food webs differ from other ecosystems
because primary production is not consumed by
herbivores
Most organic material enters food web as
detritus
• Detritus: dead material being broken down
•
•
•
•
Clams, worms, and sponges feed on this
Support large biomass
Fewer species than fresh water ecosystems
2 types
Salt tolerant plants above
low tide line
Sea grasses underwater
Found along eastern
North America (Maine to
Georgia)
Chesapeake Bay in
Maryland
Coastal estuaries found in
tropical regions
Hawaii and Florida
Salt tolerant trees
(mangroves)
Sea grasses
Prevalent in Everglades


2 Main Divisions Based on Light
 Photic
 200 m
 photosynthesis
 Aphotic
 Permanent darkness
 chemosynthesis
Depth/Distance Divisions
 Intertidal Zone
 Rocky
 zonation
 Coastal Ocean (neritic zone)
 Low tide mark to outer edge of continental
shelf
 Open Ocean (pelagic zone)
 Edge of continental shelf and outward
 500m to 11000m
 Largest division
 Benthic Zone
 Ocean floor
 Attached organisms…
Divided
into zones based on
depth and distance from
shore
 Intertidal
 Costal
ocean
 Open ocean
 Benthic zone: ocean floor
Intertidal zone
Coastal ocean:
extends from
low-tide mark
to edge of
continental
shelf
 Pacific
Ocean
 Cold, nutrient rich water
 Support many organisms
 Grow up to 50 feet tall!
 Giant
brown algae create underwater forests
 Phytoplankton
drifting in photic layer
 Zooplankton-feed off phytoplankton
 Whales, squid, dolphins
 Biologically
diverse
 Equivalent to the tropical
rainforest but the watery
version
 All invertebrates are found here

Sponges, sea anemones, worms, star fish,
mollusks, sea urchins
 Vertebrates

also roam the reefs
Sea turtles and tropical fish

Reefs are formed from colonies of coral polyps
 Animals in the Phylum Cnidarian (Jellyfish
phylum)
 These organisms secrete hard exoskeletons
made of calcium bicarbonate that make up
the hard, stone like base of the reef
 This is the home to many coral polyps,
sponges and algae
 Coral polyps use photosynthesis During the
day to make their own food
 Coral polyps also have stinging tentacles to
help them capture zooplankton


2 Main Divisions Based on Light
 Photic
 200 m
 photosynthesis
 Aphotic
 Permanent darkness
 chemosynthesis
Depth/Distance Divisions
 Intertidal Zone
 Rocky
 zonation
 Coastal Ocean/neritic
 Low tide mark to outer edge of continental
shelf
 Open Ocean/pelagic
 Edge of continental shelf and outward
 500m to 11000m
 Largest division
 Benthic Zone
 Ocean floor
 Attached organisms…