Transcript Human Dimensions of Fish and Wildlife Conservation

Management of Endangered,
Threatened, and Rare Species
Governance and Conservation of Rare Species
School of Environmental & Forest Sciences
University of Washington
ESRM 458
MW 1:30-3:20, Th 2:30-3.20
Winter Quarter
John M. Marzluff, 123E Anderson Hall, [email protected]
Marc L. Miller, 129 MAR, [email protected]
Kaeli Swift, 111 Winkenwerder, [email protected]
Week I: Introduction to Rare Species Systems
Wednesday
1. Introduction to Lecturers (Marzluff, Miller, Swift)
2. Tour of the Web Site and Syllabus (Marzluff)
3. Pedagogical Structure of Class
- Human-Artifactual-Natural Systems (HANSs) (Miller)
4. Human Dimensions Research
5. Rare Species Examples
– California Condor, Streaked Horned-lark, Galapagos
6. Student Example
- Pinto Abalone
Thursday
1. Selection of project groups, (What rare species do you find interesting?)
Monday
Web Site with Syllabus, Information,
Assignments
http://www.cfr.washington.edu/classes.esrm.
458/humandimensions.htm
• Listserve for questions and announcements:
[email protected]
Rare Species System
Humans
Nature
Stakeholders
of Rare
Species
Rare
Species
Artifacts
Technologies
Policies
Human-Artifactual-Natural System (HANS) attuned to the human dynamics of
conservation of rare species.
(Adapted from Miller et al. [2014], “A Conceptual Framework for the Study of
Global Change, Tourism and Iconic National Parks,” The George Wright Forum.)
HUMAN DIMENSIONS RESEARCH & FISH AND WILDLIFE
CONSERVATION (to complement Natural Sciences)
Environmental Education
Interpretation
Outreach
Advocacy
Consensus-building
Adapted from Bauer, M. (ed.) 2006. Harmful Algal Research and Response: A Human Dimensions Strategy. National Office
for Marine Biotoxins and Harmful Algal Blooms: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA. P. iii. Online :
http://www.coastalscience.noaa.gov/stressors/extremeevents/hab/HDstrategy.pdf
What are “Human Dimensions”?
"The term human dimensions refers to how and why humans
value natural resources, how humans want resources managed,
and how humans affect or are affected by natural resources
management decisions.
Human dimensions inquiries strive to understand human traits
and how to incorporate that understanding into management
planning and actions. It covers a variety of ideas and practices
including cultural, social, and economic values; individual and
social behavior; demographics; legal and institutional
frameworks of management; communication and education;
and, decision-making processes of management.”
(Decker, D. J., T. L. Brown, and W. F. Siemer. 2001. "Evolution of People-Wildlife Relations."
Pages 3-22 in D. J. Decker, T. L. Brown, and W. F. Siemer, editors. Human Dimensions of
Wildlife Management in North America. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD.)
• International HD Activity
International Human Dimensions Programme
(IHDP)
http://www.ihdp.unu.edu/
IHDP’s mission is:
• To foster, coordinate, and conduct social science research that
helps to understand and address the challenges of global
environmental change and improve societal responses,
• To contribute to the interdisciplinary attempts, including both
natural and social sciences, to understand the interactions of
humans with the natural environment that cause global
environmental change,
• To strengthen the capacities of research and policy communities
toward a shared understanding of the social causes and
implications of global changes, and
• To facilitate dialogue between science and policy.
• Domestic HD research & activities
Human Dimensions
https://my.usgs.gov/hd/
Rare species example 1.
Status Of The California Condor
And Efforts To Achieve Its Recovery
Reading (Walters et al. 2010)
• A report from the AOU Committee on
Conservation, California Condor Blue
Ribbon Panel (subcommittee)
• A Joint Initiative of The AOU and Audubon
California
• Funded by The National Fish and Wildlife
Foundation and private donors
• Panel Members: Jeffrey Walters (chair),
Scott Derrickson, Michael Fry, Susan Haig,
John Marzluff, Joseph Wunderle
• Assisted By: Brock Bernstein, Karen Velas
Photo by Sue Haig
A Rare Species
• Captive breeding and
release has brought
the condor from 22
birds and extirpation
from the wild to 400
birds and 232 wild
birds in three decades
(2013)
– 4 breeding facilities
– Releases southern
and central California,
Arizona, Baja in
Mexico
• Condors survive in the
wild only through
constant and costly
human assistance and
intervention
Figure from Wallace et al. 2007 California Condor Master Plan
HUMANS
Hunting Good, Lead
Bad
Photo by Anna Fuentes
• Conclusion: condors suffer lead poisoning from ingestion of spent ammunition
sufficiently frequently to raise mortality rates well above those required for
sustainability
• Conclusion: Hunters are the dominant predators within condor’s range and are
important source of food for condors
• Recommendation: Eliminating lead threat should not be accomplished by reduction
in hunting, but by replacement of lead ammunition with non-lead alternatives.
Hunters should be made aware of their importance to condors
Past and Present Humans
• Conclusions: Successful nesting in southern California is
contingent upon intensive nest monitoring because of the
microtrash problem
• Most promising approaches to problem are cleaning up trash,
returning offending adults to captivity for aversive training,
promoting more natural foraging patterns
– Latter may not reduce feeding of microtrash by breeders with tradition of
such behavior
 Recommendation: Continue to clean
up trash, conduct experiments with
aversive training
Photo courtesy of USFWS
Institution: Can USFWS Lead the Way Beyond
Lead?
• Conclusion: condors suffer lead poisoning from ingestion of spent
ammunition sufficiently frequently to raise mortality rates well
above those required for sustainability
– Evidence has become overwhelming, occurs at all release sites
– Voluntary programs with excellent compliance, local regulations unlikely to reduce
contamination to near zero, which is what is required
– Population increase is not sustainable, current populations are not viable
– Effects on human health, other scavengers are possible
• Recommendation: USFWS head effort to
replace lead ammunition with non-lead
alternative ammunitions nationally, or
minimally within condor range
Photo Courtesy of The Peregrine Fund
Reaching Out
Photo Courtesy of USFWS
• Conclusions: Outreach programs are essential to condor recovery. Program
partners active locally, but look to USFWS for assistance and leadership at
national level.
• Extensive outreach effort to rally public support for replacement lead
ammunition, emphasizing human health and condors, is urgent need
• Recommendation: USFWS provide more leadership in outreach at national
level, especially on lead issue
 Realign
Institutions
• Establish USFWS Condor Recovery
Office
– Condor Recovery Coordinator handles
basic programmatic coordination
– Condor Research and Monitoring
Coordinator (USFWS or USGS staff
scientist)
– House in Sacramento regional office,
report to Deputy or Assistant Regional
Director
• Establish Recovery Implementation
Team
– Comprised organizations raising, rearing,
releasing, and monitoring condors
– Modeled after field working group
• Establish Science Advisory Team
– Small, scientifically focused, advisory
group composed largely of independent
scientists outside of the condor program
– Disband Recovery Team
• Form a Policy Advisory Team
– Comprised of leaders of partner
organizations
– Includes Coordinator.
A Vision For The Future
• We can imagine that recovery
of the California Condor, once
almost inconceivable, could
become a reality.
Rare species example 2.
Streaked Horned Lark
Rare Species System
Humans
Nature
Stakeholders
of Rare
Species
Rare
Species
Artifacts
Technologies
Policies
Streaked horned lark
• Small songbird endemic
to Oregon and
Washington
• Subspecies of horned lark
• Ground nester
• Feeds on insects and
seeds
• Open space species
– Why might this create
conflicts with people?
Lark decline
• There are ~2,000 individuals
left
• In 2012 were considered a
candidate species
• Formally extended from BC
to southern Oregon
• Threats:
– Land conversion to Ag and
Industry
– Loss of natural disturbance
– Incompatible management
• Now they’re find in some
unusual places…
Map: WDFW
2012 Lark work
• Searched for nests
• Documented nest
success/failure
• Veg surveys
• Radio tracked fledgling
movement
Sometimes field work is shitty…
• During first half of breeding season nest
success was nearly zero
– Predation
– Nest destruction
– Poop
…But it pays off
• In 2013 Federally listed as Threatened
– Means they get critical habitat designation
– Some were less than happy however, that they
weren’t listed as endangered.
Rare species example 3.
Conservation in the Galapagos
Rare Species System
Humans
Nature
Stakeholders
of Rare
Species
Rare
Species
Artifacts
Technologies
Policies
CONSERVATION IN THE GALAPAGOS
•
•
•
•
•
Who are the
stakeholders?
Who is the authority?
What is the mandate?
What is the purpose of
the Marine Reserve?
How are issues of
foreign [natural
resource] aid pertinent
to this case
GALAPAGOS
HarperCollins Publishers: New
York, 2002
Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz,
Galapagos
ACTORS & TENSIONS
CHARLES DARWIN
FOUNDATION
• Charles Darwin Research
Station
GALAPAGOS
NATIONAL
PARK
FISHERMEN
(lobster, sea cucumber, sharks)
• resident
• immigrant
GUIDES
• interpretative
• naturalist
• diving
TOURISM INDUSTRY
• island-based
• mainland based
STRONG:
WEAK:
Tracking Current Events
PETITION TO LIST PINTO
ABALONE AS ENDANGERED
UNDER THE ESA
Rachel Aronson – [email protected]
Adi Hanein – [email protected]
Amy Klein – [email protected]
Zachary Meyer – [email protected]
University of Washington ESRM 458
Professors M. Miller and J. Marzluff
March 7, 2012
(Welch 2012)
Outline
1.
2.
The Client
Pinto Abalone
Current Status
II. Population Decline
III. Reasoning for Listing
under ESA
I.
(Welch 2012)
The Client: Center for
Biological Diversity
• Miyoko Sakashita
• “We work to secure a
future for all species,
great and small, hovering
on the brink of extinction.
We do so through
science…”
• “We want those who
come after us to inherit a
world where the wild is
still alive.”
(Center for Biological Diversity 2012)
Current Status of Pinto
Abalone
•
IUCN Red List– Endangered
•
Canada (COSEWIC)
• Threatened in 1999
• Endangered as of 2009
•
United States – Species of Concern
• Receives no protection under ESA
Pinto Abalone
•
Marine Gastropod
• Broadcast spawner
• CaCO3 Shell
(Welch 2012)
Pinto Abalone Population Decline
(Photo courtesy of: Independent.com)
Pinto Abalone Fisheries History and
Continued Monitoring
• Commercial fisheries existed
in Alaska and British
Columbia, recreational
fishery in Washington
• Poor management led to
permanent fishery closures
in the 1990’s
• Continued monitoring shows
populations continue to
decline
Recent Pinto abalone abundance declines in the San
Juan archipelago (pugetsoundscienceupdate.com)
ESA definition of “species”
• The pinto abalone is a “species” under the ESA
• The Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531 – 1544,
allows any species of fish or wildlife or plants to be listed
under the provisions of the act. Section 3(8) of the ESA
defines “fish or wildlife” to mean “any member of the animal
kingdom, including without limitation any mammal, fish, or
bird…, mollusk, crustacean, arthropod, or other
invertebrate…” 16 U.S.C. § 1532 (8) (emphasis added). The
pinto abalone is a mollusk. The pinto abalone (Haliotis
kamtschatkana) was formally described as a species in 1845
by Jonas (Cox 1962). Its taxonomy and validity as a species
is uncontested. It qualifies as a “species” under the Act.
Petitioners seek protection for the species throughout its
range in Alaska, Washington, and California.
ESA definition of
endangered
The Secretary shall by regulation promulgated in accordance
with subsection (b) determine whether any species is an
endangered species or a threatened species because of any of
the following factors:
(A) the present or threatened destruction, modification, or
curtailment of its habitat or range;
(B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or
educational purposes;
(C) disease or predation;
(D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
(E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued
existence.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Predation and Disease
Sea Otters
Withering Syndrome
Synergy with Warming
Inadequacy of existing
regulatory mechanisms
• Strict fishing regulations are too little, too
late for population rebound.
• Climate change effects on abalone
habitat are unregulated
Destruction of Habitat or
Range
Ocean Acidification:
• CO2 + CO32- + H20 ←→
2HCO3• Decreases the availability of
carbonate ions in the water
• Carbonate ions are essential
for calcifying organisms
• Larval survival decreases
(Crim et al. 2011)
• Shell deformities (Crim et al.
2011)
Larval Recruitment
• ž
Low
•
•
densities from over harvesting
žLow fertilization success
žGlobal climate change
o
Degraded sperm
—
o
Decrease in eggs due to decreased food
—
resources
Final thoughts: Protection
for Invertebrates is Key
• Once listed, the Pinto Abalone would
join the Black Abalone, the White
Abalone and the Elkhorn and Staghorn
Corals as the only marine invertebrates
protected under the ESA.
• IUCN has considered for listing 54% of
vertebrate species, compared to 1% of
invertebrate species.
Selected References
•
•
•
•
•
Center for Biological Diversity (CBD). 2012. “Our Mission”.
http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/index.html
Crim, R.N. 2010. Effects of ocean acidification on different life history stages
of northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana). MSc thesis. University of
British Columbia: Vancouver, Canada.
Crim, R.N., Sunday, J.M. and C.D.G. Harley. 2011. Elevated seawater CO2
concentrations impair larval development and reduce larval survival in
endangered northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana). Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 400(1-2): 272-277.
(http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022098111000499)
Endangered Species Act of 1973, Pub. L. No. 93-205, Approved Dec. 28,
1973, 87 Stat. 884.
Welch, Craig. 2012. "Abalone Are Treasured — Nearly to Extinction
Locally." The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times.
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009202083_abalone10m.
html.