Transcript Review - cloudfront.net

Review
1. Natural selection works on an organism’s _____________________.
Phenotype
2. Species that still exist on Earth remain because on their specific ____________.
Adaptations
3. What are the three ways that natural selection can work on a population? What is the likely
outcome of each?
Stabilizing selection = inbreeding
Directional selection = completely new species
Disruptive selection = one species is split into 2
4. What is it called when two different organisms that share similar pressures of nature are
forced to evolve similar traits? Convergent evolution
5. What is it called when genetic equilibrium is disturbed? Name three things the can cause
Evolution --Mutations/immigration/natural selection
this.
Immigration and emigration
6. What two things cause gene flow?
7. What are the two main reasons for nonrandom mating? Completion for mates and ease of
mating with those that are close.
8. Name three things that can happen to a small population. Founder effect, bottleneck
effect and genetic drift.
9. Name two things that can cause a bottlenecking effect. How does it promote evolution?
Humans, fire, disease/ the remaining population’s genes
may be far different than the original population
10. When the founder effect occurs because of the change in a river’s path it is called:
Geographical isolation
11. When a species is isolated into two groups for a long enough time, what will eventually
Reproductive isolation
happen that now places them into two separate species?
12. What is the most is the most significant factor that disrupts genetic equilibrium?
Natural selection
11. How would you define a mass extinction? Extinction rate greater than the background rate
12. What is so different about the current mass extinction? Cause by a single species (US)
Their role in the community
13. What is an organism’s niche?
14. What causes the fundamental niche and realized niche to differ? Competition
15. How can two organisms with similar needs live in the same area? Resource partitioning
16. Species such as the dusky sparrow, the passenger pigeon, and the woolly mammoth are
extinct. Populations of other species have declined to the point where they are designated as
threatened or endangered.
A. Identify one threatened or endangered species and explain why its population has
declined. Giant panda/ habitat destruction of the bamboo forest
California condor/DDT pesticide pollution caused eggshell thinning
Tiger/Poached for their coats and medicinal reasons
Sharks (white and black tip)/Hunted for fins to make shark fin soup
All big cats/need large hunting areas threatened by loss of habitat
Elephants/poached for their tusks to get ivory
Poison arrow frog/complicated life cycles that are hindered by water pollution
Rhinoceros/poached for their horns to be used in medicine
Tropical fish/Captured and sold to collectors for aquariums
B. Discuss two human activities that cause species to become endangered
Habitat destruction-Farming, logging, expansion of cities or villages (Urban Sprawl)
Hunting and poaching-Using animal parts for food, medicine or selling as souvenirs
Introduction of invasive species-These out compete the native species for niches in the
habitat
Sale of exotic pets and plants-tropical fish, plants like orchards, rare birds, reptiles and
amphibians sell for high prices to collectors
Predator and pest control-Chemicals used to control pest can kill non-target native species
Pollution-toxic chemicals, organic compounds, sewage, plastics can kill sensitive species or
threaten their food supply
C. Describe two characteristics of organisms that would make them particularly vulnerable
to extinction.
Fewer offspring-loss of an infant has a greater effect on numbers
High level of parental control-much time, energy, and resources given to care of young
lower number of offspring they can have
Later age of reproduction-need more resources and life expectancy to have offspring
Specialized feeding behavior-Habitat loss can threaten their food source
Large size-easier to hunt and poach
Large territories-Habitat loss can isolate them (no mating) or reduce their hunting
ground
Specialized niche-habitat destruction increase competition for niches
Feed high on the trophic-Loss of organisms at lower levels decreases food supply also
toxins biomagnify to top predators
D. Present three arguments in favor of the maintenance of biodiversity.
Increases the stability of the ecosystem
Future medical resources
Future food resources
Scientific, aesthetic and religious value
Review
Matching
A. Invasive species
B. Foundation species
C. Keystone species
D. Indicator species
C
B
A
D
D
C
B
A
D
C
1. Their loss would lead to the extinction of other forms of life
2. Species that change or reshape the ecosystem opening niches
3. Africanized killer bees
4. Birds, amphibians and fish
5. Species that are very sensitive to environmental change
6. Sea otter
7. Elephant
8. They outcompete the native species for resources
9. If their numbers begin to drop there may be environmental
pollution.
10. They have a larger impact on the ecosystem than any other
organism.
Cryptic coloration
11. What is the scientific term for camouflage?
12. How does Batesian mimicry help an organism? Allows a harmless organism to be
protected by looking like a harmful one
13. How did organisms that show Mullerian mimicry most like evolved? Why?
Convergent evolution. Being so similar they may have experienced similar
environmental stressors.
14. What is the scientific term for warning coloration?
Aposematic
15. What are the two biggest driving forces of evolution in order?
Natural selection/cooperative relationships
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Resource partitioning
Mutualism
Symbiosis
Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
B
G
A
B
B
C
E
D
F
16. Finding Nemo
17. -, - relationship
18. Many species using the same resource in different ways
19. Bee and flowering plants
20. Lichens
21. An interspecific relationship
22. Leaches
23. 0,+ relationship
24. 0,- relationship
25. Which other relationship has the same +,- outcome?
Predation
26. Are any of the above relationships obligatory?
# 19 and 20
27. What is the difference between interspecific and intraspecific competition? Which type of
competition is intraspecific only? Between two species/within a species/mates
28. What are the two major groups of density dependent factors? Competition and disease
29. What is the major group of density independent factors?
Abiotic/weather
30. A forest ecosystem is destroyed by a volcanic eruption. There are many steps involved in the
process of regrowth.
A. Discuss which type of succession would follow this disturbance.
Primary succession/ all life as well as soil have been destroyed
B. Explain the role of a pioneer species in succession. What is an example of a pioneer species?
First species to colonize an area and are able to fix nitrogen, break down rock into soil, add
humus when they die and hold water. Examples: Lichens and mosses.
C. Discuss a climax community.
A stable community that has large plants with low biodiversity from long periods of no
disturbance
D. Explain the concept or resilience.
Ability of an ecosystem to return to its original state
E. Discuss how humans have impacted the cycle of succession.
Complete deforestation, agriculture, extreme erosion, and vegetation removal
Review
1. What does HIPPCO stand for?
Habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, population, climate change and overharvesting
2. What is the greatest threat to wild species? Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation
3. What is the second largest threat to wild species?
Invasive species
4. What is the greatest threat to aquatic species?
Overharvesting
The American whooping crane and the California condor are two of North America’s largest
birds. Although both are rare and endangered, they are protected, and large preserves are
available for them. The two species, however, seem to be responding differently to these
conservation efforts.
5. Identify and describe TWO major causes for the original decline of these species.
Habitat loss due to urbanization, wetland destruction, agricultural modification, mineral and
fossil fuel extraction leading to loss of food resources, disruption of the food web, loss of
breeding grounds.
Hunted for feathers, meat, eggs, skins, trophies, and sport.
6. Describe TWO measures that have been taken to protect these species.
Legislative measures: ESA-cannot be hunted, killed, collected, or harmed.
CITES-Cannot be traded commercially as live specimens or products
Clean water act-protects wetlands
Ban the use of pesticides (DDT) and lead shot bullets
Other measures: Captive breeding, public education, tagging and tracking, and population
monitoring
Distribution of
zebra mussels
in the United
States
30. Why are Zebra Mussels located primarily in areas in the eastern United States rather than in
the western United States?
The animal was introduced in the eastern U.S. and is still spreading across the continent.
The western mountain ranges (e.g., the Rockies) serve as a natural barrier to dispersal.
31. How are zebra mussels introduced into isolated lakes? Describe one viable method for
preventing the spread of zebra mussels into isolated lakes.
Mechanisms of zebra mussel introduction
• Transport of boats or boat trailers with mussels attached
• Inundation of isolated lakes with floodwater containing mussels
• Building canals or other waterways between previously isolated lakes
• Transport by animal vectors (migratory waterfowl, etc.)
Methods to prevent spread of zebra mussels
• Thorough inspection/cleaning of boats before transport or launch
• Flushing or draining of water between water bodies
• Refraining from building connecting waterways
32. Identify and explain one impact that zebra mussels can have on aquatic ecosystems.
Competition from zebra mussels for available resources/Decreased populations of other
species (mollusks, insects, etc.) and Disrupts food chains/Eats food required by other species.
Increased water clarity/Mussels are filter feeders, removing solids from water as they feed and
Increased photosynthesis and primary productivity and Increased populations of other species
(certain fish, waterfowl, etc.) from greater primary productivity
33. Identify another invasive species, either terrestrial or aquatic, and describe one negative
impact it has had.
Invasive Species
Cane toad
Rats
Snakehead fish
Rabbits
Kudzu vine
Sea lamprey
Japanese/Asian beetles
Pigeon/rock dove
Ice plant
Africanized (“killer”) bees
Negative Impact
Toxin kills native predators.
Eat bird’s eggs; spread disease.
Preys on native fish, reducing populations.
Clear vegetation.
Smothers other vegetation.
Predation harms other fish.
Eat native plant species.
Nuisance in cities; vectors of disease.
Competes with native plant species.
Attacks people/animals; displaces honeybees.
34. One strategy for controlling an invasive species has been to introduce another nonnative
species to control it; this strategy can often have unintended results. Give a specific example of
the use of this strategy and discuss a negative impact of introducing a nonnative species to
control an invasive species.
Negative Impact
Biological Control
• Predation of nontarget species
• Ladybird beetles (ladybugs) to feed on pest insects
• Competition with native species
• Parasitoid wasps to control weevils
• Toxic to native predators, or reduces
• Bacteria or viruses to control animal pests
available food to native predators
• Mongoose to hunt rats
• Alters ecological interactions, e.g., food
• Cane toads to prey on insect pests
webs or biogeochemical cycles
35. Identify TWO specific characteristics of invasive species that enable them to thrive in new
environments.
Generalist species
Excellent dispersal mechanisms, allowing it to spread
R-selected or r-strategist
Large clutch size/many offspring produced
Early onset of reproduction/early maturation
Frequent reproduction
Superior defenses against predators in new environment
Superior skills as a predator in new environment
No pathogens in new habitat
Review
1. Name several ways in which animals are overexploited.
Killed for food (bush meat, salmon, tuna, shark fin soup etc.)
Captured as exotic pets (amphibians, reptiles and birds)
Hunted for trophies and skins
Hunted for sport
Hunted and killed for medicinal purposes
2. Name 4 major pollutant that can harm biodiversity. Two causing air pollution, three causing
water pollution (one chemical one metal one non-metal or chemical) and two causing soil
pollution (one chemical one metal)
Air pollution: burning fossil fuels in cars releases Nox (nitric oxides), VOCs (volatile organic
compounds and carbon dioxide) Burning coal releases soot and sulfur. These can lead to
global warming, acid rain, ground level ozone and smog.
Water pollution: DDT other pesticides and fertilizers, Mercury or lead, Thermal.
Soil pollution: Fertilizers and pesticides, Mercury or lead.
3. Name the two major laws, policies of treaties that protect endangered species. What do
they do?
CITES-International agreement that endangered species cannot be traded commercially as live
specimens or products
ESA-Identifies and legally protects endangered species in the U.S. and abroad. They cannot be
hunted, killed, collected, or harmed.
Rattlesnakes Sound Warning on Biodiversity and Habitat Fragmentation
Like the canary in the coal mine, the timber rattlesnake may be telling us something about the
environment we share. Microsatellites tracked rattlesnakes to understand how wildlife habitats
are affected by even modest human encroachment.
“We used this species as a model to investigate general processes underlying population level
responses to habitat fragmentation,” said the authors.
Researchers discovered that fragmentation of natural habitats. . . has had a significant effect
over the past 80 years on genetic structure of timber rattlesnakes in four separate regions of
upstate New York.
4. Discuss how habitat fragmentation can impact the genetic diversity of a species.
It limits gene interchange through the population by isolating members of the population
from each other
It can lead to inbreeding depression by isolating a small population with a small gene pool
There is an increased susceptibility to density dependent factor due to living closer together
(ex: disease)
5. Cite and explain two human activities that have led to habitat fragmentation.
Building roads, canals, dams, Irrigation ditches through ecosystems.
Altering the path of a river
Development of buildings and communities (urban sprawl)
Covering land for agriculture
Deforestation for timber harvesting
6. Explain how the fragmentation of habitats can lead to the loss of biodiversity.
Reduction of population immigration and emigration reduced gene flow
A decrease in available mates reduces reproductive rates of a species decreasing population
Species may be cut off from essential resources no longer in their new habitat
Decreases the range for animals that need a large territory
Barriers to migration are created for migratory animals
7. Discuss two solutions to reduce habitat fragmentation as our global human population
continues to grow.
Restore agricultural land back to natural habitat
Protection of large pieces of land through parks and reserves
Use of corridors for migrating species
1. An AP Environmental Science class did an investigation on competition. Pat I of the investigation focused on
intraspecific competition to assess the effect of growth among radish plants at different population densities.
Part II of the investigation focused on the relative competitiveness of two species of plants (radish and wheat)
when they were planted together. The results are presented below.
Part I Intraspecific Competition Among Radish Plants
Seeds per Pot
Total Biomass per Pot (g)
1
5.0
10
70.0
20
75.0
Part II Interspecific Competition Between Radish and Wheat Plants
Seeds per Pot
1 radish
1 wheat
10 radish
10 wheat
20 radish
20 wheat
Total Biomass per Pot (g)
5.0
3.0
50.0
25.0
75.0
40.0
Discuss the results of Part I of the investigation
8. At what population density was the biomass per plant highest?
From data table 1, 10 radish seeds per pot had the greatest biomass.
9. What resources may have been limited?
Competition for soil nutrients/as root density increased, less
nutrients wood be available for growth
Competition for light/as leaf density increased, less light would be
available for seedlings
Competition for water/Given a fixed amount of water provided, as
plant density increased, less water would be available for growth
10. Discuss the results obtained from the class for part I in terms of biological laws or principles
The plant population experienced intraspecific competition. At the point above 10 seeds the
population appears to have exceeded the carrying capacity for the environment.
Discuss the results of Part II of the investigation
11. Which plant was most affected by the competition between the two species?
From data table 2, the wheat seedlings were most negatively impacted by the presences of
the radish
12. Discuss the results obtained from the class for part II in terms of biological laws or
principles
The plant populations experienced interspecific competition, with three possible outcomes
One species outcompetes the other at the expense of the other(competitive exclusion)
The partition resources and coexist in smaller numbers than if alone
The two species have no measurable effect on each other (no competition) and remain in
normal numbers