Transcript File - jj-sct

CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
52
An Introduction
to Ecology and
the Biosphere
Clicker Questions by
Tara Stoulig
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
One reason that deserts tend to be found at 30N and
S latitude is that
a) deserts are dry.
b) it’s warmer near the equator.
c) global wind and pressure patterns affect where
rain falls.
d) desert soils are different from tropical rain
forest soils.
e) mountains change rainfall patterns.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
One reason that deserts tend to be found at 30N and
S latitude is that
a) deserts are dry.
b) it’s warmer near the equator.
c) global wind and pressure patterns affect where
rain falls.
d) desert soils are different from tropical rain
forest soils.
e) mountains change rainfall patterns.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
From this graph, we can conclude that
a) each biome has distinct temperature
and mean annual precipitation.
b) precipitation and temperature
determine biomes.
c) Precipitation determines
temperature
a) tundra and tropical
forest are climatically
different.
b) biomes determine
precipitation.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
From this graph, we can conclude that
a) each biome has distinct temperature
and mean annual precipitation.
b) precipitation and temperature
determine biomes.
c) Precipitation determines
temperature
a) tundra and tropical
forest are climatically
different.
b) biomes determine
precipitation.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In which marine zone would you find the majority of
plankton?
a) benthic zone
b) pelagic zone
c) intertidal zone
d) abyssal zone
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In which marine zone would you find the majority of
plankton?
a) benthic zone
b) pelagic zone
c) intertidal zone
d) abyssal zone
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not an abiotic factor organisms
could come into contact with?
a) salinity
b) temperature
c) sunlight
d) bacteria
e) oxygen
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not an abiotic factor organisms
could come into contact with?
a) salinity
b) temperature
c) sunlight
d) bacteria
e) oxygen
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Population ecologists are primarily interested in
a) understanding how biotic and abiotic factors
influence the density, distribution, size, and age
structure of populations.
b) the overall vitality of a population of organisms.
c) how humans affect the size of wild populations of
organisms.
d) studying interactions among populations of
organisms that inhabit the same area.
e) how populations evolve as natural selection acts on
heritable variations among individuals and changes
in gene frequency.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Population ecologists are primarily interested in
a) understanding how biotic and abiotic factors
influence the density, distribution, size, and age
structure of populations.
b) the overall vitality of a population of organisms.
c) how humans affect the size of wild populations of
organisms.
d) studying interactions among populations of
organisms that inhabit the same area.
e) how populations evolve as natural selection acts on
heritable variations among individuals and changes
in gene frequency.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
From a biological viewpoint, diversity means different
kinds of
a) ecosystems.
b) trophic levels.
c) species.
d) genotypes.
e) both C and D.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
From a biological viewpoint, diversity means different
kinds of
a) ecosystems.
b) trophic levels.
c) species.
d) genotypes.
e) both C and D.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Many endangered or extinct species live in freshwater habitats,
such as along the Mississippi River. Eutrophication has been
one major source of freshwater destruction and damage. Since
nitrogen is a major contributor to eutrophication, one good
solution would be to
a) breed varieties of duckweed that absorb lots of
phosphorus.
b) fertilize cornfields during the summer instead of in spring.
c) prevent runoff of nitrogen fertilizers from agricultural
land.
d) require all wastewater dumped in the Mississippi River to
go through a wastewater treatment facility first.
e) build more levees so the river runs to the Gulf of Mexico
faster.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Many endangered or extinct species live in freshwater habitats,
such as along the Mississippi River. Eutrophication has been
one major source of freshwater destruction and damage. Since
nitrogen is a major contributor to eutrophication, one good
solution would be to
a) breed varieties of duckweed that absorb lots of
phosphorus.
b) fertilize cornfields during the summer instead of in spring.
c) prevent runoff of nitrogen fertilizers from agricultural
land.
d) require all wastewater dumped in the Mississippi River to
go through a wastewater treatment facility first.
e) build more levees so the river runs to the Gulf of Mexico
faster.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The map below shows Earth’s biodiversity hot spots.
There are several interesting patterns here, one of
which is that there are no biodiversity hot spots
a) north of the equator.
b) on islands.
c) in Europe.
d) in areas with
lots of people.
e) near the poles.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The map below shows Earth’s biodiversity hot spots.
There are several interesting patterns here, one of
which is that there are no biodiversity hot spots
a) north of the equator.
b) on islands.
c) in Europe.
d) in areas with
lots of people.
e) near the poles.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Costa Rica has established an extensive network of
national parks and buffer zones to protect its
biodiversity. However, a recent study showed that
habitat loss outside these zones is significant. This
shows that
a) Costa Rica is too small.
b) habitat zones don’t work.
c) biodiversity can take care of itself.
d) protecting biodiversity is difficult.
e) the laws need to be enforced better.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Costa Rica has established an extensive network of
national parks and buffer zones to protect its
biodiversity. However, a recent study showed that
habitat loss outside these zones is significant. This
shows that
a) Costa Rica is too small.
b) habitat zones don’t work.
c) biodiversity can take care of itself.
d) protecting biodiversity is difficult.
e) the laws need to be enforced better.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
An oligotrophic lake has which of the following
characteristics?
a) nutrient-rich
b) depleted of oxygen
c) low amounts of decomposable organic matter
in the bottom sediments of the lake
d) all of the above
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
An oligotrophic lake has which of the following
characteristics?
a) nutrient-rich
b) depleted of oxygen
c) low amounts of decomposable organic matter
in the bottom sediments of the lake
d) all of the above
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Skills Questions
Many ecologists begin their research by observing the
distributions of organisms in the field. For example, field
observations show that Spartina patens (salt marsh hay) is
a dominant plant in salt marshes and Typha angustifolia
(cattail) is a dominant plant in freshwater marshes.
In this exercise, you will interpret data from experiments
that examined the influence of a biotic factor, competition,
and an abiotic factor, salinity, on the growth of these two
species.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In a field experiment, researchers planted S. patens and
T. angustifolia in salt marshes and freshwater marshes with
and without neighboring plants. After two growing seasons
(one and a half years), they measured the biomass of each
species in each treatment. The graph below shows the data
from the field experiment. Data are averages of 16 replicate
samples.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What did the researchers use as a measurement of
plant growth?
a) average biomass
b) marsh salinity
c) presence or absence of neighboring plants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What did the researchers use as a measurement of
plant growth?
a) average biomass
b) marsh salinity
c) presence or absence of neighboring plants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do the data below indicate about the salinity
tolerance of T. angustifolia?
a) It does not tolerate freshwater conditions.
b) It can tolerate freshwater conditions, but it grows
better in high salinity.
c) It does not tolerate saline conditions.
d) It can tolerate high
salinity, but it
grows better in
fresh water.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do the data below indicate about the salinity
tolerance of T. angustifolia?
a) It does not tolerate freshwater conditions.
b) It can tolerate freshwater conditions, but it grows
better in high salinity.
c) It does not tolerate saline conditions.
d) It can tolerate high
salinity, but it
grows better in
fresh water.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do these data indicate about the salinity tolerance
of S. patens?
a) It does not tolerate saline conditions.
b) It can grow in both salt and freshwater marshes.
c) It can tolerate high salinity, but it grows better in
fresh water.
d) It does not tolerate
freshwater
conditions.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do these data indicate about the salinity tolerance
of S. patens?
a) It does not tolerate saline conditions.
b) It can grow in both salt and fresh watermarshes.
c) It can tolerate high salinity, but it grows better in
fresh water.
d) It does not tolerate
freshwater
conditions.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do these data indicate about the comparative
salinity tolerances of S. patens and T. angustifolia?
a) T. angustifolia has a higher salinity tolerance than
S. patens.
b) S. patens has a higher salinity tolerance than
T. angustifolia.
c) Neither species can tolerate high salinity.
d) S. patens and
T. angustifolia
have equal salinity
tolerance.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do these data indicate about the comparative
salinity tolerances of S. patens and T. angustifolia?
a) T. angustifolia has a higher salinity tolerance than
S. patens.
b) S. patens has a higher salinity tolerance than
T. angustifolia.
c) Neither species can tolerate high salinity.
d) S. patens and
T. angustifolia
have equal salinity
tolerance.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do the data from the field experiment indicate
about the effect of competition on the growth of these
two species?
a) Both S. patens and T. angustifolia are limited by
competition.
b) S. patens is limited by competition, but T.
angustifolia is not.
c) Neither S. patens nor T. angustifolia is limited by
competition.
d) T. angustifolia is
limited by
competition, but
S. patens is not.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do the data from the field experiment indicate
about the effect of competition on the growth of these
two species?
a) Both S. patens and T. angustifolia are limited by
competition.
b) S. patens is limited by competition, but T.
angustifolia is not.
c) Neither S. patens nor T. angustifolia is limited by
competition.
d) T. angustifolia is
limited by
competition, but
S. patens is not.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which species was most limited by competition?
a) S. patens was more limited by competition than
T. angustifolia.
b) The two species were equally limited by
competition.
c) T. angustifolia was more limited by competition than
S. patens.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which species was most limited by competition?
a) S. patens was more limited by competition than
T. angustifolia.
b) The two species were equally limited by
competition.
c) T. angustifolia was more limited by competition than
S. patens.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The researchers also grew both species in a
greenhouse at six salinity levels and measured the
biomass at each level after eight weeks. The data from
the experiment are shown in the table below. Which
values from the greenhouse experiment represent the
dependent variable? When you plot these data on a
line graph, the dependent variable will go on the y-axis.
a) plant species
b) salinity
Salinity (parts per thousand)
0
20
40
60
80 100
% maximum biomass (Spartina
patens)
77
40
29
17
9
0
% maximum biomass (Typha
angustifolia)
80
20
10
0
0
0
c) biomass
d) % maximum biomass
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The researchers also grew both species in a
greenhouse at six salinity levels and measured the
biomass at each level after eight weeks. The data from
the experiment are shown in the table below. Which
values from the greenhouse experiment represent the
dependent variable? When you plot these data on a
line graph, the dependent variable will go on the y-axis.
a) plant species
b) salinity
Salinity (parts per thousand)
0
20
40
60
80 100
% maximum biomass (Spartina
patens)
77
40
29
17
9
0
% maximum biomass (Typha
angustifolia)
80
20
10
0
0
0
c) biomass
d) % maximum biomass
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which values from the greenhouse experiment
represent the independent variable, which will go on
the x-axis?
a) % maximum biomass
b) weeks of growth
c) species
d) salinity
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Salinity (parts per thousand)
0
20
40
60
80 100
% maximum biomass (Spartina
patens)
77
40
29
17
9
0
% maximum biomass (Typha
angustifolia)
80
20
10
0
0
0
Which values from the greenhouse experiment
represent the independent variable, which will go on
the x-axis?
a) % maximum biomass
b) weeks of growth
c) species
d) salinity
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Salinity (parts per thousand)
0
20
40
60
80 100
% maximum biomass (Spartina
patens)
77
40
29
17
9
0
% maximum biomass (Typha
angustifolia)
80
20
10
0
0
0
Based purely on results shown below, at what range of
salinities would you expect to find S. patens in the field
but not T. angustifolia?
a) Only S. patens would grow at salinities between
60 and 100 parts per thousand.
b) Only S. patens would grow at salinities between
0 and 100 parts per thousand.
c) Only S. patens would
grow at salinities
between 0 and 60
parts per thousand.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Based purely on results shown below, at what range of
salinities would you expect to find S. patens in the field
but not T. angustifolia?
a) Only S. patens would grow at salinities between
60 and 100 parts per thousand.
b) Only S. patens would grow at salinities between
0 and 100 parts per thousand.
c) Only S. patens would
grow at salinities
between 0 and 60
parts per thousand.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The lowest salinity level in the greenhouse mimics a freshwater marsh.
In the field, S. patens is typically absent from natural freshwater marshes.
Based on the data, does this appear to be due to salinity or competition?
a)
Competition; at zero salinity, the % of maximum biomass was higher
for T. angustifolia than for S. patens, showing that S. patens would not
compete as well in fresh water.
b)
Competition; it can grow in zero salinity in experimental freshwater
marshes without competing neighbors but has reduced biomass in
the presence of neighbors.
c)
Salinity; it can grow in experimental salt marshes, but T. angustifolia cannot.
d)
Salinity; it had less biomass in experimental fresh marshes than in salt
marshes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The lowest salinity level in the greenhouse mimics a freshwater marsh.
In the field, S. patens is typically absent from natural freshwater marshes.
Based on the data, does this appear to be due to salinity or competition?
a)
Competition; at zero salinity, the % of maximum biomass was higher
for T. angustifolia than for S. patens, showing that S. patens would not
compete as well in fresh water.
b)
Competition; it can grow in zero salinity in experimental freshwater
marshes without competing neighbors but has reduced biomass in the
presence of neighbors.
c)
Salinity; it can grow in experimental salt marshes, but T. angustifolia cannot.
d)
Salinity; it had less biomass in experimental fresh marshes than in salt
marshes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
T. angustifolia is not present in natural salt marshes. Does this appear to be
due to salinity or competition?
a)
Salinity; it is absent from experimental salt marshes even without
competing neighbors, and it did not grow in the higher salinity levels
in the greenhouse.
b)
Salinity; it is not present in salt marshes.
c)
Competition; it grows better without competing neighbors than with them in
the experimental marsh.
d)
Competition; S. patens grows better than T. angustifolia in experimental salt
marshes and therefore must outcompete it.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
T. angustifolia is not present in natural salt marshes. Does this appear to be
due to salinity or competition?
a)
Salinity; it is absent from experimental salt marshes even without
competing neighbors, and it did not grow in the higher salinity levels
in the greenhouse.
b)
Salinity; it is not present in salt marshes.
c)
Competition; it grows better without competing neighbors than with them in
the experimental marsh.
d)
Competition; S. patens grows better than T. angustifolia in experimental salt
marshes and therefore must outcompete it.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.