Transcript Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 (pgs. 116 * 135)

DO NOW
• What is Biodiveristy?
• Can there be different types of biodiversity?
• If so, what? If not, Why not?
• What is it important?
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
CHAPTER 5
(PGS. 116 – 135)
5.1 BIODIVERSITY (PGS.116 – 121)
• Biodiversity - the variety of life in an area that is determined
by the number of different species in that area.
• Currently there are 1.8 million identified species
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK_vRtHJZu4
BIODIVERSITY
- INCREASES STABILITY OF AN
ECOSYSTEM
- CONTRIBUTES TO HEALTH OF
BIOSPHERE
THREE TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY:
1. GENETIC DIVERSITY
2. SPECIES DIVERSITY
3. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
3 MAIN TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
• 1. Genetic Diversity:
• The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that
are present in a population
• Ex. Many different types of lady bugs!
• Genetic diversity increases the chances that some species
will survive during changing environmental conditions or
during the outbreak of disease.
• Think = within a species
3 MAIN TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
• 2. Species Diversity:
• The number of different species
and the relative abundance of
each species in a biological
community
• Ex. More different types of
species live closer to the
equator!
• THINK = between different
species
THINK – PAIR - SHARE
LETS REVIEW THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
1. POPULATION
2. ECOSYSTEM
3. SPECIES
3 MAIN TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
• 3. Ecosystem Diversity:
• The variety of ecosystems that are present in the
biosphere
• Ex. Ecosystem in Alaska has different abiotic
factors to support Dall Sheep where an ecosystem
in Peru in would have different abiotic factors to
support a variety of birds.
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
THINK – PAIR - SHARE
• Think of 5 ways we depend on the ecosystem.
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
• A. Direct Economic Value:
• 1. Humans depend on plants and animals for
food, clothing, medicine, and shelter.
• 2. Most of the world’s food crops come
from just a few species
• Wild species serve as reservoirs of desirable
genetic traits that might be needed to improve
domestic crop species.
• Ex. Against disease, drought, etc.
Teosinte plant
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tgNamjTRkk
Domestic corn plant
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
• A. Direct Economic Value (cont.):
• 3. Genetic Engineering:
• Able to transfer genes from one species into other species
• Ex. Insect resistant crops
• 4. Scientists continue to find new extracts from plants
and other organisms that help in the treatment of
human diseases.
• Ex. Penicillin – extracted from bread mold
• Ex. Madagascar Periwinkle used to treat leukemia
Madagascar periwinkle
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
• B. Indirect Economic Value:
• 1. A healthy biosphere provides many
services to humans and other organisms
that live on Earth
• 2. Green plants provide oxygen to the
atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide
• 3. Natural processes provide drinking
water that is safe for human use.
An economic study revealed that
improving the biodiversity in the
ecosystem would help clean NYC
water supply and would be less
expensive than using technology to
perform the same service.
THINK – PAIR – SHARE
5.1 SUMMATIVE QUESTIONS
1. GIVE A BRIEF DEFINITION, IN YOUR OWN WORDS, OF “BIODIVERSITY.”
2. LIST THE THREE DIFFERENT KINDS OF BIODIVERSITY.
3. WHAT PARTS OF THE EARTH HAVE THE GREATEST BIODIVERSITY?
4. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND LATITUDE?
DO NOW
• WHY ARE THE BEES DYING?
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=RKQNX0AV7EY
5.2 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
PGS. 122-128
• I. Extinction Rates:
• The gradual process of species becoming extinct is known
as background extinction.
EXTINCTION RATE FACTS
• SOME SCIENTISTS PREDICT THAT 1/3 TO 2/3 OF ALL PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES WILL BECOME EXTINCT
DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THIS CENTURY.
• SOME SCIENTISTS ESTIMATE THE CURRENT EXTINCTION RATE TO BE 1000X THE NORMAL BACKGROUND
EXTINCTION RATE.
• ABOUT 12% OF THE 9,934 KNOWN BIRD SPECIES AND 20% OF THE 5,416 KNOWN MAMMALIAN SPECIES
IN THE WORLD ARE THREATENED WITH EXTINCTION.
• ABOUT 20% OF KNOWN FRESHWATER FISH IN THE WORLD HAVE EITHER BECOME EXTINCT DURING
HISTORICAL TIMES OR ARE SERIOUSLY THREATENED.
• ABOUT 32% OF ALL KNOWN AMPHIBIAN SPECIES ARE EITHER NEAR EXTINCTION OR ENDANGERED.
• OF THE APPROXIMATELY 20,000 PLANT SPECIES IN THE US, 200 SPECIES HAVE BECOME EXTINCT SINCE
DEPENDABLE RECORDS HAVE BEEN KEPT AND 730 SPECIES ARE ENDANGERED OR THREATENED.
I. EXTINCTION RATES (CONT.)
• Mass extinction is an event in which a large
percentage of all living species become extinct in a
relatively short period of time
MOST RECENT
EXTINCTIONS
II. FACTORS THAT THREATEN BIODIVERSITY
The current high rate of extinction is due to the activities of a
single species — Homo sapiens.
Humans are changing conditions on Earth faster than new
traits can evolve to cope with the new conditions.
Depleting the natural resources organisms needs to survive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zPcR7wgh0c
II. FACTORS THAT AFFECT BIODIVERSITY
•A. OVEREXPLOITATION
•B. HABITAT LOSS
•C. FRAGMENTATION OF HABITAT
•D. POLLUTION
•E. INTRODUCED SPECIES
A. OVEREXPLOITATION
• Overexploitation: excessive use, of species that have
economic value is a factor increasing the current rate
of extinction
• Ex.
• Bison
• Passenger Pigeons
• Rhinoceros
Rhinoceros
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47m_BaO34h8
B. HABITAT LOSS
• If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the native
species might have to relocate or they will die
• 1. Destruction of Habitat: Clearing or
destruction of an entire habitat
• 2. Disruption of Habitat: The declining a
population of one species can affect an entire
ecosystem ex. overfishing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LjITojaXBc
C. FRAGMENTATION OF HABITAT
• Habitat Fragmentation: the
separation of an ecosystem into
small pieces of land
• The smaller the parcel of land, the fewer
species it can support.
• Fragmentation reduces the opportunities for
individuals in one area to reproduce with
individuals from another area.
C. FRAGMENTATION OF HABITAT
• Carving the large ecosystem into small parcels increases the
number of edges—creating edge effects.
D. POLLUTION
Pollution and atmospheric changes
threaten biodiversity and global
stability.
• 1. Biological magnification:
the increasing concentration of
toxic substances in organisms as
trophic levels increase in a food
chain or food web.
1. BIOMAGNIFICATION
(CONT.)
DDT - FOUND IN PESTICIDES
PCBS - USED INSULATES
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
MERCURY -USED IN
METEOROLOGICAL
EQUIPMENT
2. ACID PRECIPITATION
• Sulfur and nitrogen compounds
react with water and other
substances in the air to form
sulfuric acid and nitric acid
• Acid precipitation removes
calcium, potassium, and other
nutrients from the soil, depriving
plants of these nutrients.
3. EUTROPHICATION
•
Occurs when fertilizers, animal waste,
sewage, or other nitrogen/phosphorous
rich compounds flow into waterways,
causing extensive algae growth
●Algae use the oxygen supply during
their rapid growth, thus causing
organisms in the water to suffocate
●Algae can also release toxins
●Human activities have accelerated the
rate
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
THINK – PAIR – SHARE
Your friend tells you that a good way to increase
biodiversity is by intentionally introducing a species to a new
environment because the introduced species increases the
species richness of that area by one species.
Do you agree or disagree with your friend’s statement?
E. INTRODUCED SPECIES
Introduced Species:
Nonnative species that are either intentionally or unintentionally
transported to a new habitat. Usually becomes an “invasive species”.
Example: Cane Toads in Australia!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rI8IiLqIEV0
5.2 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS
5.2 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS
5.3 CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
PGS. 129-135
• I. Natural Resources
• The consumption rate of
natural resources is not
evenly distributed.
• Which County uses the most
natural resources? The least?
THINKING QUESTIONS…
• 1. HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF NATURAL RESOURCES WE USE?
• 2. WHAT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE
RESOURCE?
• 3. LIST 2 RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND 2 NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES VS. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
● GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
● FOSSIL FUELS
● SOLAR ENERGY
● CRUDE OIL
● WIND ENERGY
● NUCLEAR FUELS
(URANIUM)
● HYDROPOWER
● PROPANE
● BIOMASS
SUSTAINABLE USE
Sustainable Use:
The using of resources at a rate in which they can be
replaced or recycled while preserving the long-term
environmental health of the biosphere
II. PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
• Yellowstone National Park was the first national park!
• Currently, about 7% of the world’s land is set aside as some
type of reserve.
A. BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS
• Endemic Species:
• Species that are only found in that one geographical area
• Biodiversity Hot Spot:
• 1. At least 1500 species of vascular plants are endemic.
• 2. The region must have lost at least 70 percent of its
original habitat.
• These hot spots originally covered 15.7 percent of Earth’s
surface, however, only about 1/10 that habitat remains.
BIODIVERSITY
HOT SPOTS
DO NOW
• WHAT IS EUTROPHICATION?
• WHAT IS AN ENDEMIC SPECIES?
• WHAT ARE BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS?
• HOW CAN WE CONSERVE RESOURCES?
B. CORRIDORS BETWEEN HABITAT FRAGMENTS
Improve the survival of biodiversity by providing
corridors, or passageways, between habitat fragments
III. RESTORING ECOSYSTEM
• The larger the affected
area, the longer it takes
for the biological
community to recover.
III. RESTORING ECOSYSTEM
• A. Bioremediation:
• The use of living
organisms, such as
prokaryotes, fungi, or
plants, to detoxify a
polluted area
https://www.youtube.com/
III. RESTORING ECOSYSTEM
• B. Biological Augmentation:
• Adding natural predators to a degraded ecosystem
Ladybugs help control aphid populations.
Photo courtesy of Nature’s Control
5.3 SUMMATIVE QUESTIONS
1. WHICH RESOURCE IS
NONRENEWABLE?
2. FOR WHICH HUMAN
ACTIVITY IS SUSTAINABLE
3. WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF
BIOREMEDIATION?
A. AGRICULTURAL PLANTS
USE NOT POSSIBLE?
B. CLEAN WATER
A.REPLANTING TREES IN AN AREA
AFFECTED BY ACID RAIN
A.FARMING
C. FOREST TIMBER
B. LOGGING
D. MINERAL DEPOSITS
C. OIL DRILLING
D. COMMERCIAL FISHING
B. USING MICROORGANISMS TO
DETOXIFY AN OIL SPILL
C.ENACTING A LAW THAT PROTECTS
ENDANGERED AMPHIBIANS
D.INTRODUCING NATURAL PREDATORS
TO CONTROL A CROP PEST