Transcript ecologyx
ECOLOGY ECOLOGY Ecology • studying the relationship between organisms and their environment (living and nonliving). Native Species: • Plants or animals living in an area without being brought there by humans or human activity. • indigenous Invasive Species: • Plants or animals introduced into an area where they do not occur naturally – often disrupting the environment. • alien, exotic, non-native, non-indigenous species Python video Great Lakes Video Introduced Species: Species which was placed deliberately into a new environment. Emerald Ash Borer Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhowcopjeqA Invasive species growth http://nature.ca/education/cls/lp/lpinv3danim_e.cfm Zebra Mussel Video http://nature.ca/education/cls/video/vinv_e.cfm CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS Classification Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnF_UdPbJZ0 WHY DO SCIENTISTS CLASSIFY? There are over 2.5 million species on Earth! We need to keep organized! (Easier to study!) Classification: process of grouping things based on their similarities Taxonomy: scientific study of how living things are classified WHY DO SCIENTISTS CLASSIFY? Imagine a grocery store… • How are they organized? • What would happen if they were not organized? Think about iTunes? • How is it organized? • How would you ever find what you want or need if it wasn’t organized? EARLY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS Aristotle (4th century B.C.) • observed animals • watched appearance, behavior, movement • fly, swim, and walk/crawl/run • observed similarities and differences • used differences to divide into smaller subgroups LINNAEUS Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • • • • • • used observations as basis of his system placed organisms based on observable features 1st biologist to classify organisms (group) based on similarities in their physical characteristics. Linnaeus’ Taxonomy is the name of his system of classification. Latin is the language used in this system. Devised naming system for organisms: • Binomial Nomenclature Classification video http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/29017-100-greatest-discoveriesclassification-of-species-video.htm CLASSIFICATION TODAY Linnaeus’ Taxonomy uses 5 Kingdoms to initially categorize organisms. • Animal: most familiar to us • Plant : flowers, trees, all producers • Fungi : yeast, mold, mushrooms • Protista: one celled or very simple multicellular organisms • Bacteria(Monera): E.Coli and Salmonella • Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. 7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Broadest level Most specific Kings Play Chess On Fat Guys Stomach BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Binomial Nomenclature • • 2 part naming system uses Latin words Genus species Felis concolor • • Genus is capitalized; species is NOT. If you can’t italicize, underline the genus and species! CLSSIFICATION OF HUMANS Kingdom Animal Phylum Chordata Class Mammal Order Primate Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens How can you decide whether a species is successful in it’s environment? Population: Group of individuals of 1 species living in an area. How do ecologist know that they have sufficient data for a population over time? Population Fluctuation: Describes how populations of species can increase and decrease due to living and nonliving factors. Wolf Population Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZnayct6uZg EATING FOR ENERGY FOOD CHAIN Food chain is a single line of transmission. Notice how the arrows for from left to right – it goes in the direction of the energy flow Example to the right Acorns provide food for mouse Mouse provides food for snake Snake provides food for hawk FOOD CHAIN Arrow points in the direction that the energy flows FOOD WEB The feeding relationships in ecosystems are very complex and are best represented by webs rather than chains Transfer of Energy in a Food Web WITHIN A FOOD WEB, THERE ARE... Producers - organisms that produce their own food using the sun’s energy Consumers - organisms that get their energy by eating food TYPES OF CONSUMERS Herbivores- animals that eat only plants (primary consumers) Carnivores- animals that eat only other animals (secondary consumers -- eat herbivores) (tertiary consumers -- eat carnivores) Omnivores- animals that eat both animals and plants Decomposers- animals that feed on decaying matter (a.k.a. nature’s recyclers) FOOD WEBS Trophic level—the position an organism occupies on a food chain Tertiary (top Carnivores) eats Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers eats Primary Consumers Primary Consumers eat Producers Primary Producers FOOD WEBS PHOTOSYNTHESIS Producers do not eat other organisms, but they still need to obtain energy from somewhere… Photosynthesis- a process of using sunlight as energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into food ACT 81 – PHOTOSYNTHESIS LAB Results Elodea in sun light (12 hrs.) Control – Yellow because indicating the presence of Carbon Dioxide(turned from bluish-green to yellow since we blew CO2 into the water) Turned back to original color (bluish-green) because of photosynthesis. Elodea used up all the Carbon Dioxide in the water due to the presence of light. Elodea in darkness (12 hrs.) Control – Yellow because indicating the presence of Carbon Dioxide(turned from bluish-green to yellow since we blew CO2 into the water) Stayed yellow because of there was no light for the Elodea. Photosynthesis did not take place! The Carbon Dioxide remains in the water indicated by the yellow color(CO2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UucBrnMXUc0 SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Symbiosis The long term interaction between species that interact in close proximity Symbiotic Relationships video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q Symbiotic Relationship video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTGcS7vJqbs THREE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Mutualism Relationship benefits both species Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm2qdxVVRm4 Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKuWlBjUFo8 THREE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Commensalism Relationship benefits one species, while the other species in not affected at all Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxpa6gPIbLE THREE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Parasitism Relationship benefits one species, but harms the other species Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Mb0GOITRUU PREDATION Predator/Prey All interaction where a organism consumes all or part of another organism Not long term COMPETITION Different species seek out the same resources Not a direct relationship compete OWL PELLETS Virtual Dissection http://www.kidwings.com/owlpellets/flash/v4/index.htm Odd Jobs video http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/dirty-jobs/videos/owl-vomit-collector.htm