Transcript Scientific Classification Systems

ORGANIZING LIFE’S
DIVERSITY
By
Dawn M. Thompson
TRY THIS!!
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Why do you have two names?
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Choose a first name you hear often. Make a
list of all the people you know with that name.
Can you see why a two name system is
needed?
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WHY ARE THINGS GROUPED?
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Things in everyday life are grouped according to
similarities.
Where would you find cookies and coke in the
grocery store?
How are books arranged in the library?
How are you clothes stored at home?
Grouping puts things in order so they can be easily
found and shows that the things have certain traits in
common.
What is biological classification?
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Grouping of organisms based on similarities.
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Taxonomy - branch of biology that groups and
names organisms based on similarities.
Taxonomists study taxonomy.
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Why Classify Organisms?
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Creates order
saving time and
energy
Shows how
organisms are alike
+/-10 millions
species on Earth
EARLY
CLASSIFICATION
Aristotle’s system
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Greek philosopher
384-322 B.C.
Grouped plants as trees,
shrubs or herbs depending
on size and structure.
Grouped animals
depending upon where they
lived, air, water or land.
Obvious problems with
system – what problems
can you think of?
Linnaeus’s system
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Swedish botanist
18th century
Grouped organisms into
two groups according to
specific physical and
structural similarities.
The two major groups –
kingdoms were plants and
animals.
Organisms with the same
traits were put into the
same smaller group and
called a species.
Binomial nomenclature:
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Linnaeus also devised a two part naming
system – binomial nomenclature
Genus species
Homo sapiens
Latin, seldom change.
Italics or printed and underlined
Reduces confusion created by common names
Turdus
migratorius
Erithacus
rubecula
CLASSIFICATION
TODAY
Today seven groups (taxons) are used to
classify an organism.
Taxonomic rankings:
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Kingdom (least amount of similar
characteristics, large# )
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (most similar
characteristics, small #)
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Kids
Play
Cards
On
Friday
Going
Ski-ing
Feline Family Members:
Classifying a House Cat
COMPARING A HOUSE CAT AND A
DEER.
COMAPRING A HOUSE CAT AND A
LION
COMPARING A HOUSE CAT AND
AN OCTOPUS
DETERMINATION
OF EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS
Structural similarities
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Shared physical
characteristics indicates
different species may
have evolved from a
common ancestor.
Cat family all have
retractable claws.
Breeding behavior
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Similar animals having different breeding
patterns are two separate species.
Frogs.
One species may reproduce in the spring
while another reproduces in the fall.
Geographical distribution
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Species location helps determine its
relationship to others.
Galapagos finches sharing a common ancestor
is supported by their distribution.
Chromosome comparisons
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Number of chromosomes during mitosis and
meiosis.
Similar chromosomes in chimps, gorillas, and
humans suggest common ancestry.
Biochemistry:
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The more closely
organisms are related
the more similar their
DNA.
Based on DNA analysis
giant pandas are more
closely related to bears
than red pandas.
PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION
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Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a species.
Phylogenetic classification shows the evolutionary history
between species.
Cladistics
System of classification based on phylogeny.
Assumes groups of organisms diverge and evolve from
common ancestral organisms.
A cladagram is a model of the phylogeny of a species.
Refer to page 466
Do mini lab 17.2 page 467.
Cladagram
6 Major Kingdoms:
1.
Archaebacteria
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2.
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Planta
Animalia
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3.
4.
5.
6.
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Prokaryotes, unicellular,
auto/heterot asexual rep
prokaryotes unicellular,
auto/heterot asexual rep
Eukaryotes, unicellular,
auto/hetrot,asexual/sex
Eukaryotes,multicellular
absorptive feeders,
Eukaryotes,muticellular,
autotrophs, sexual rep
Eukaryotes, muticellular,
heterotrophs, sexual rep
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria was the kingdom monera in the old 5
kingdom system
TYPICAL BACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA AND
EUBACTERIA (MONERA)
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Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Autotrophic
/heterotrophic
Asexual or sexual
reproduction
TYPICAL PROTISTA
PROTISTA
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Eukaryotic
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Uni/multicellular
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Auto/heterotrophic
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Asexual or sexual
reproduction
TYPICAL FUNGI
FUNGI
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Eukaryotic
Unicellular/
multicellular
Heterotrophic by
adsorption
Asexual or sexual
reproduction
TYPICAL PLANTS
PLANTAE
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Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autotrophic by
photosynthesis
Cellulose cell wall
Usually sexual
reproduction
TYPICAL ANIMALS
ANIMALIA
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Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic by
ingestion
Usually sexual
reproduction
Domains
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Domain 1
Domain 2
Domain 3
Eubacteria
Archeabacteria
Eukarya protista
fungi
plantae
animalia
BYE FOLKS