Transcript 7 Perkins INE Work with Oil Dispersants

INE Work with Oil
Dispersants
CROSERF and Beyond
NewFields Beaufort Sea
Workshop
26, 27 March 2008
Robert A. Perkins
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Institute of Northern Engineering
University of Alaska Fairbanks
[email protected]
Photo: Marinco Bioassay Laboratory
CROSERF
• Chemical Response to Oil Spills:
Ecological Effects Research Forum
Sponsors of Research
• Texas General Land Office (TGLO);
• Florida Department of Environmental Protection
(FL DEP);
• California Office of Oil Spill Prevention and
Response (CA OSPR);
• Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation (ADEC);
• Exxon Corporation;
• American Petroleum Institute (API), and
• Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC).
Plus
• Minerals Management Service (MMS);
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), and
• Chevron Corporation
Universities and Sponsors
• University of California, Santa Cruz (later
UC Davis) - CA OSPR
• University of South Florida - FL DEP
• Texas A&M University - TGLO
• University of Alaska Fairbanks - ADEC
CROSERF Testing
• Standard species and standard oil
– Calibrate labs
• Standard species and local oil
– Is our oil different?
• Local species and local oil
– Are our local species different?
Test Chambers
Test Regimes
• Species
–
–
–
–
Mysid
Fish larvae
Tanner crab larvae
Microtox
• Oils
– PBCO
– ANS, Fresh
– ANS, Weathered
• 200 deg. C.
• Treatment
– WAF
– CE-WAF
• Exposure, 96-hr
– Chambers
– Static with Renewal
Almost forgot
• VOA
– C6-C9
• BTEX
• TPH
– C10-C36
• THC, and
• Loading
Whoops
• Warm
25 °C
• Cold
4 to 7 °C
Quick Summary
VOA/BTEX in WAF
Fresh WAF toxicity
Species
Temp
LC 50,
mg/L
VOA
LL 50
mg/L
Loading
C. bairdi
7 °C
9.61
285
M. bahia
25 °C
7.6
654
Toxicity proportional to VOA
Little TPH
CE-WAF Fresh ANS data
LC 50
Loading
TPH
THC
VOA
Species
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
C. Bairdi
203
2.22
10.
8.41
127
2.4
5.08
2.22
7 °C
M. Bahia
25 °C
Weathered, WAF
Weathered CE-WAF
Fresh CE-WAF
Some thoughts
• Always measure VOA!
• For WAF, VOA may be much more
significant than TPH
• Both fresh and weathered
Why are we testing?
• Is Corexit 9500, less or more toxic to
species X than Corexit 9527 or other
dispersant?
• Are the results for Brand X likely to be the
same at 7 °C than 25 °C?
• Need standardized tests.
Fig. 1-9. Concentrations of oil in the water column following dispersal of a 0.1 mm thick slick of fresh oil
treated with a chemical dispersant (after Lewis and Aurand, 1997)
Concentration Decline of Fresh ANS Crude Oil Test Solutions
in Continuous Exposure Tests
Measured VOA Concentrations, mg/L
60
WAF LR = 1001 mg/L
WAF LR = 4022 mg/L
CE-WAF LR = 501 mg/L
50
40
30
20
10
0
00:00
06:00
12:00
Time, hour
18:00
24:00
Question?
• How does the concentration of toxic
components vary with time and depth
beneath a spill if we don’t disperse?
• Same if we disperse
• Toxicity should probably be gauged with
respect to weathered oil
Research question
• Where does the VOA from fresh oil go?
• If acute toxicity is mostly from VOA,
• If it has left the slick and is in the water,
then
• Dispersing might not affect acute toxicity
A Tail of Two Tests
• Mysidopsis bahia
Photo: Marinco
Bioassay Laboratory
Mysids at UAF Lab in Fairbanks
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•
•
•
•
Set up lab, one month
Two grad students, one month
Two sets of tests, continuous and flow- through
Mysids delivered for $75/ box
One shipment with excessive deaths
– Order another, 5 days
• Florida bioassay lab: $500, continuous 96-hr
Tanner Crab Larvae at UAF,
Seward Marine Center
• Chionoecetes
bairdi
• Collect Dec.
• Birth ?
– Late Feb.
– Early April
Adult female Tanner crabs (Chionecetes biardi)
Cold-water species resources
•
•
•
•
One student and 1.5 technicians
600 km from campus
Three and half months
Plus care and feeding of gravid crabs
– December to April
Cold Water Standard Test
Species
• Can we find a cold-water test species that
is as convenient and practical as
equivalent warm-water species, such a M.
bahia?
• Lose a week with a mishap
• Not a year
Criteria
• Laboratory viability and practicality
– CROSERF chambers, 96-hour acute
– Available year around
• Susceptibility to known or potential stressors
– Immature or larval
• Socially recognized
• Relevance to oil spills and dispersants
• The criteria of comparability
– ASTM, USEPA
Method
• Ask the experts
• Compare lists and compendiums
– EPA, ASTM
• Phylogenetic relations via taxonomy tables
Crustaceans (small: mysids and copepods)
Phylum: Arthropoda (arthropods) Class Crustaceans
Order
Family
Genus
Species
AK?
Ref.
Subclass Copepoda (copepods)
Calanoida
Acartia
clausi
Acartia
tonsa
(several)
Harpacticoida
Tigriopus
2
AK
brevicornis
(several)
2
AK
MYSIDS Malacostraca subclass Peracarida
Mysidacae
Suborder
Mysina
Mysidae
Mysidopsis
bigelowi
2
Mysidae
Holmesimysis
costata
16
Mysidae
Archaeomysis
grebnitzkii
Mysidopsis
almyra
2
Mysidopsis
bahia
8
Acanthomysis
pseudomacropsis
?
AK
AK
4,5
25
No species met all the criteria
very well
• Subjective evaluation
• Came up with six likely
Likely species
• Topsmelt (Atherinops
affinis)
• Mysids and
copepods
• Urchins:
– Purple
(Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus)
– Green ( S.
droebachiensis)
– Red ( S. franciscanus)
• Shellfish
– Pacific oyster
(Crassostrea gigas )
• Pink salmon fry
• Tidepool sculpin
Today
• Herring eggs and larvae
– Spawning season south to north
Acknowledgements
Sara Rhoton, Ingegerd Ask of UAF
Brad Hahn and Leslie Pearson of the Alaska Department of
Environmental Conservation, Division of Spill Prevention and Response
A.J.Paul, Judy McDonald, and staff of the Seward Marine Center
John Agosti of the Qutekcak Shellfish Hatchery
Howard Feder, Ted Cooney, Ray Highsmith of the Institute of Marine
Science of UAF
Ron Smith of the Department of Biology of UAF
Peter Armato of the U.S. Park Service
Doug Woodby of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Tom Dean of Coastal Resources Associates.
Others who took the time to discuss this: Scott Kellman of Aquatic
Biosystems, Bill Putnam of Sticklebacks Unlimited, Marylin Schwartz of
Ogden Environmental, Gary Buhler of Northwest Aquatic Science, John
Hunt of the Marine Pollution Studies Lab of UCSC.