Transcript organic
BIOSPHERE Chapter 3 REVIEW http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html List the 6 levels of organization that ecologists study from smallest to largest Organisms → Populations → Communities → Ecosystems → Biomes → BIOSPHERE Name 4 ways organisms in an ecosystem interact with each other Competition Predation Cooperation Symbiosis All the organisms that live in a place PLUS their non-living environment ecosystem Another name for autotrophs producers Give an example of cooperation Grooming, sharing food, sharing care of offspring, group defense against predators group hunting; care for sick/injured Tell the two ways AUTOtrophs get their energy Chemosynthesis & photosynthesis The portion of the Earth in which all life exists biosphere Make a food chain out of the following: herbivore omnivore autotroph autotroph → herbivore → omnivore WHICH ORGANISMS are responsible for removing nitrogen from and returning nitrogen to the atmosphere? BACTERIA in soil The process of taking nitrogen from the atmosphere and changing it into a form plants can use is called ______________________ NITROGEN FIXATION The process of converting soil nitrogen back into atmospheric form is called DENITRIFICATION _______________________ Energy moves through ecosystems Food chains/webs in ______________ food chains/webs biogeochemical cycles Which of these is a decomposer? ↑ Fungi and SOME bacteria are decomposers Organism that eats both plants and meat omnivore Process in which water from plant leaves evaporates into the atmosphere transpiration How does the way matter flows through an ecosystem differ from the way that energy flows? Energy is passed in one-way direction through the biotic (living organisms) in an ecosystem. Matter cycles within and between biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem. Which biogeochemical cycle does NOT involve a stage where the chemical enters the atmosphere? phosphorus Process in which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas and release it into the atmosphere denitrification Nutrient which is scare or cycles slowly that controls population growth Limiting nutrient Give an example of a decomposer Bacteria or fungi (break down organic material and absorb the nutrients) Which group of organisms is always found in the first trophic level of every food chain or web? Autotrophs or producers Why is only about 10% of the energy in an organism transferred in a food chain? Some is used by organism for life processes such as movement, transport, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and rest is lost as HEAT Give an example of an ABIOTIC factor Climate, temperature, precipitation, wind, soil type, water availability, sunlight Give an example of a RESOURCE Food, water, shelter, territory, light Another name for autotrophs producers Who is it? Heterotroph that obtains energy by eating only plants Heterotroph that eats both plants and animals Heterotroph that breaks down organic matter (Ex: Fungi & bacteria) HERBIVORE ___________________ OMNIVORE _____________________ DECOMPOSER __________________ Heterotroph that feed on dead plants DETRITIVORE and animal remains (EX:Crabs & worms) ___________________ Heterotroph that eats only meat CARNIVORE ___________________ How is a food web different from a food chain? Food webs are made up of many food chains Which of these is an herbivore? ↑ Zebras are herbivores How is a symbiosis DIFFERENT from cooperation? Cooperation is between organisms of same species; Symbiosis is between different species of organisms Tell two ways water returns to the atmosphere in the water cycle. Evaporation and transpiration An organism that eats both meat and plants omnivore Name a limiting factor that could cause a population to decrease Competition- for food, shelter, territory Predation Disease/Parasitism Drought/climate change Human disturbance Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following EXCEPT: Photosynthesis respiration transpiration decomposition TRANSPIRATION moves water in the water cycle An organism that eats ONLY plants herbivore PUT THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER OF INCREASING COMPLEXITY ORGANISM COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM BIOSPHERE POPULATION BIOME ORGANISM POPULATION ________________ COMMUNITY ________________ ________________ ECOSYSTEM ________________ BIOSPHERE ________________ BIOME ________________ The portion of the Earth in which all life exists biosphere Organism that captures and eats another predator What is the difference between a BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factor? Biotic factors are living; Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an ecosystem Which organisms are responsible for nitrogen fixation in the nitrogen cycle? Bacteria in soil Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from their close association mutualism An “organism’s job” that includes what it eats, what eats it, where in the habitat it lives, how it acts, and when & how it reproduces? niche Tell one way chemosynthesis is different from photosynthsis. Photosynthesis Requires light Gets energy from sunlight Chemosynthesis Happens without light Gets energy from chemical bonds In the nitrogen cycle, bacteria living on the roots of plants turn nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into _________. ammonia Tell one way chemosynthesis and photosynthesis are ALIKE. Both: Ways organisms get energy Use energy to make carbohydrates Happen in autotrophs Energy moves through ecosystems in ________________. food chains/webs biogeochemical cycles food chains/webs A group of individuals that belong to the same species that live together in an area population Another name for heterotrophs consumers Which of the following is TRUE? Producers make up the first trophic level. TRUE Food chains are made by linking many food webs. FALSE: Food webs are made by linking food chains All the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next F Only about 10% is passed on to the next level. Most is used for life processes or lost as heat Energy flows through the ecosystem in one direction from the sun to producers to consumers. TRUE Organisms that are able to take in energy from their environment and make their own carbohydrates are called ___________________________ autotrophs Which of these is a carnivore? ↑ Lions are carnivores Group of different populations that live together in an area community All the living things an ecosystem that an organism might interact with Biotic factors food chain This diagram shows a ____________ BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 Which of the organisms above is: algae a producer ? ______________ Zooplankton, fish, squid, shark a consumer? _____________ How many trophic levels are shown? 5 Principle that states no two organisms can share the same niche at the same time in the same place Competitive exclusion principle Chemical substance organisms need to sustain life nutrient Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring species An organism that is captured and eaten by another prey Process in which some bacteria use energy stored in the chemical bonds of inorganic compounds to make carbohydrates in the absence of light chemosynthesis Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy through an ecosystem by eating and being eaten Food chain Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither harmed nor helped commensalism The scientific study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment ecology This diagram is called a food web _______________ What do you think would happen to the snake population in this community if all the pine borer bugs were killed by a virus? A loss in pine borer bugs would decrease the populations of salamanders and golden crested kinglets (food for the snake) Loss of pine borers would eventually cause a decrease in the snake population too. Any necessity for life such as water, food, light, or space resource Relationship in which organisms attempt to use the same resource at the same time and place competition Look at the food web shown. What do you think will happen to the limpet population if all the mussels are wiped out in an oil spill? it will increase it will decrease it will stay the same; mussels don’t connect to limpets in this web Everything’s connected ! No mussels means crabs will eat more limpets; limpet population will decrease Organism such as bacteria or fungi that break down organic matter decomposers Each step in a food chain or web trophic level Groups of different species that live together in an area make up a community __________________ Which of these is an omnivore? ↑ Most humans are omnivores Cycle which includes an underground reservoir in the form of fossil fuels Carbon cycle Another name for the water cycle Hydrologic cycle Process in which green plants use energy from sunlight to produce carbohydrates photosynthesis Another name for a living thing organism Tell the group of organisms that all the cycles have in common which keeps matter cycling between living (organic) and nonliving (inorganic) parts of the ecosystem. decomposers Which 4 atoms make up over 95% of the body in most organisms? Carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen , oxygen Which of the biogeochemical cycles you learned about recycles hydrogen and oxygen? Hydrologic or water cycle Organism such as mites, snail, earthworms, or crabs that eat dead plants or animals detritivore Process in which bacteria in soil convert nitrogen gas into ammonia Nitrogen fixation An organism that eats ONLY meat carnivore Tell how a detritovore is different from a decomposer. Both get nutrients from dead organisms; detritivores eat dead stuff; decomposers Absorb energy from dead stuff, but DON’T actually EAT it. Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits by living on or inside another which is harmed parasitism Principle that states no 2 organisms can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Competitive exclusion principle Which level is it? Group of individuals that belong to the same POPULATION species and live in the same area. ___________________ Group of ecosystems that have the same climate BIOME and communities _____________________ Organisms so similar to one another that SPECIES they can breed and produce fertile offspring __________________ COMMUNITY Populations that live together in an area ____________________ BIOSPHERE Portion of the planet in which all life exists ___________________ Collection of all the organisms that live in an ECOSYSTEM area together with their physical environment ___________________ Organisms that can make their own food using energy from sunlight or chemical bonds in inorganic compounds autotrophs or producers All the non-living things such as climate, temperature, weather, soil type, or sunlight in an ecosystem that impact an organism Abiotic factors Another name for the water cycle Hydrologic cycle Cycle in which photosynthesis and cellular respiration participate Carbon cycle Organism that can’t make its own food and get energy from consuming other organisms heterotrophs or consumers Any relationship in which two species live closely together symbiosis Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another. predation Network of complex interactions linking all the food chains in an ecosystem food web Organism that eats only plants herbivore Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from part of the biosphere to another Biogeochemical cycle Organism that eats only meat carnivore Process in which liquid water changes into a gas evaporation Process that is part of the carbon cycle in which sunlight is used to change atmospheric carbon into biomolecules used for energy by living things photosynthesis Cycle in which transpiration, evaporation, and condensation play a role Water/hydrologic cycle http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/foodweb.gif Name a producer in the food web shown phytoplankton What kind of heterotroph is a leopard seal? carnivore Cycle in which volcanic activity and burning fossil fuels plays a role Carbon cycle Cycle which is dependent on bacteria for nitrogen fixation and denitrification Nitrogen cycle Which type of organism is always on the first trophic level of every food chain A producer The process in which organisms use chemical energy stored IN THE CHEMICAL BONDS OF INORGANIC MOLECULES to make their own food in the absence of light is called _____________________ chemosynthesis Process in which the break down of sugars in living things returns carbon to the atmosphere as CO2 during the carbon cycle Cellular respiration Cycle which is dependent on bacteria for nitrogen fixation and denitrification Nitrogen cycle http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm Name an omnivore in the food web shown Rats, voles, mice, & mallards eat both plants and animals What kind of heterotroph is the snail in this food web? herbivore Tell 2 human activities by which carbon can enter the atmosphere as CO2 during the carbon cycle Cellular respiration, burning fossil fuels Tell one way carbon leaves the atmosphere during the carbon cycle. Photosynthesis CO2 gas dissolves in water; Name 2 NON-human activities by which carbon can enter the atmosphere or oceans during the carbon cycle. Volcanic activity Decomposition of dead organisms Deposition as fossil fuels Erosion Tell one way bacteria help with biogeochemical cycles. Nitrogen fixation & denitrification (nitrogen cycle) Decomposers break down dead organisms (carbon cycle) Tell something humans do to return nitrogen to the soil for the nitrogen cycle. Add fertilizers; waste treatment plants Name the 4 biogeochemical cycles you learned about. Carbon, hydrologic (water); nitrogen; phosphorus