Transcript Extinctions
Extinctions
Loss of Biodiversity
EXTINCTION - the disappearance of a
species
Extinctions have been occurring constantly
at a low 'background rate', usually matched
by the rate at which new species appear resulting in an overall increase in biodiversity
A world without extinction would be really
crowded!!
Estimates of Organisms
Fossil record from Precambrian period
estimate total number of species on Earth at
500 million
Current numbers of names species is 1.5 – 2
million
Current estimates of total species ranges
between 3 – 30 million
Mass Extinctions
There have been several major
extinctions since the beginning
of life 3.5 billion years ago
End of Ordovician (440 mya)
2nd most devestating in Earth’s history
Effecting marine species
Probably due to glaciation
Source:http://www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Ordovician/Ordovician.htm
Late Devonian (365 mya)
Effecting marine and terrestrial species
Possibly due to global cooling since many warm
water species were lost
Occurred over
500,000 -15 million
years
Source: http://www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Devonian/Devonian.2.htm
Late Permian (225 mya)
Largest extinction
estimated that as many as 95% of all marine
species were lost
Possible causes
continents merging to
form Pangea
global warming caused
by volcanic eruptions
glaciation
Source: http://www.palaeos.org/Permian
Late Triassic (200 mya)
¼ of terrestrial families
Possible causes
Climate change
Increased rainfall
Loss of biodiversity
allowed dinosaurs to
exploit abandoned
niches
Source:http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=htt
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Cretaceous-Tertiary (65 mya)
Effecting ½ of all marine species
Terrestrial plants, dinosaurs, and reptiles
became extinct.
Gave rise to mammals
Possible causes:
Impact hypothesis –
comet collided with
the earth
Source:
http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight/dinosaurs/world_mesozoic
Pleistocene (11, 000 ya)
Ice age period
Loss of 75% of large genus (mammals)
Possible causes
Hunting
Climate change
Disease
Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12721432/
Recent Extinction Rates
11,000 – 400 ya
400 – 100 ya
1% of species per decade
1% of birds and mammals
Approximately 1% per decade
Presently
1% per day
Recent Extinction Rates
continued
The ratio of 1600:present = 1:10
Much faster than natural
By the year 2010 over 500,000 species of
plants and animals will have become extinct
since the Pleistocene
Past causes of extinction
Climate change
Volcanic events
Magnetic reversal of the poles
Sea level changes
Collision of Meteorites
Glaciations
Plate tectonics
Competition / predation
Present causes of
extinction/loss of biodiversity
Mostly human impact
HIPPO
Habitat destruction
Introduced species
Pollution
Population
Over consumption
Habitat destruction
Degradation
Fragmentation
e.g. stream siltation caused by
deforestation
e.g.highways through national parks
Loss
e.g. new strip mall on Hanes Mall Blvd
Introduced species
Non-native species
e.g. green crab, zebra mussel,
ctenophore in Mediterranean Sea
Genetically modified species
Pollution
Air
Water
Land
Major sources:
Fossil fuels
Domestic waste
Industrial waste
Manufacturing processes
Agriculture
Population
With the global population increasing at
a rate of 3 people per second there is:
Increasing use of resources
Increasing habitat destruction
Increasing waste production
Over consumption
Hunting, collecting, harvesting
e.g. Atlantic cod for food
e.g. sea otter for fur
Wildlife trade e.g. bear gallbladders as
aphrodisiacs
Indirectly through over consumption of
resources e.g. water, land
Problems
Don’t know total number of species on
planet
Difficult to quantify the relationship
between man’s impact and species loss
Difficult to quantify the relationship
between mans impact and habitat loss