Transcript 4.1 Topic species, communities, and ecosystems

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TOPIC 4.1 ECOLOGY
IB DP – CORE
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Essential idea:
• The continued survival of living
organisms including humans depends
on sustainable communities.
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Nature of science: :
• Looking for patterns, trends and
discrepancies—
(i.e. Discrepancy -- plants and algae
are mostly autotrophic but some are
not. )
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Assessment Statement
Define species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem
and ecology
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Basic Concepts
• Species : a group of organism that can
interbreed & produce fertile offspring.(have a
common gene pool).
• Habitat: the environment in which species
normally lives (location).
• Population: a group of the organism of the same
species ,living in the same area at the same time.
• Community: a group of populations living &
interacting with each other in an area.
• Ecology: the study of relationships between living
organisms & their environment.
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Environment
• Its everything which surrounds an organism.
• It has 4 main components
• Hydrosphere (water)
• Atmosphere (gases)
• Lithosphere (rocks)
• Biosphere (all living beings)
• The first 3 are abiotic components while the 4th is the
Biotic component
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Assessment Statement
Distinguish between autotroph and heterotroph.
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Autotrophs & heterotrophs
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Autotrophs are the species with the capacity to
make their own food.
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•
Eg.:cynobacteria, Algae,Grass, Trees.
Hetrotrophs are the species which do not have
the capacity to produce their own food.
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Eg.:animals,fish,zooplanktons.
Three type of heterotrophs :
1. consumers
2. detritivore
3. saprotroph
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Assessment Statement
Distinguish between consumers, detritivores and
saprotrophs
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Detrivores & saprotrophs
• Detrivores are the organism that consumes dead organic
matter.
• Eg.: earthworm, woodlice.
• Saprotrophs are the organisms that live on, or in, dead
organic matter. (digesting the food by secreting enzymes)
• Eg. Bacteria, Fungus.
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15 minute Vocabulary Practice
• Study Individually – 3 minutes
• Read the definition to your partner – your partner
guesses definition – 3 minutes
• Switch with partner. – 3 minutes
• Read vocabulary word to partner – Partner
describes definition – 3 minutes
• Switch – 3 minutes
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Vocabulary Practice
• Autotroph:
• Species.
• Heterotroph:
• Habitat.
• Consumer:
• Population.
• Detritivore:
• Community
• Saprotroph:
• Ecosystem:
• Ecology:
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Assessment Statement
• State that saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers)
recycle nutrients.
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Assessment Statement
Explain that energy can enter and leave an
ecosystem, but that nutrients must be recycled.
Energy enters as light and usually leaves as heat.
Nutrient Cycles
• All the chemical substances that an organism
needs to sustain life are its nutrients.
• Every living organism needs nutrients to build
tissues and carry out essential life functions.
• Nutrients are passed between organisms and the
environment through biogeochemical cycles.
Nutrient Cycle
•Nutrient Cycle
vs.
Food Chain
Food Chain
The Carbon Nutrient Cycle
CO2 in
Atmosphere
Photosynthesis
feeding
Volcanic
activity
Respiration
Decomposition
Human
activity
Erosion
CO2 in Ocean
Respiration
Uplift
Deposition
Photosynthesis
Fossil fuel
feeding
Deposition
Carbonate
Rocks
IB Assessment Statement
Distinguish between organic and inorganic nutrients.
(Compounds containing carbon that are found in living
organisms (except hydrogencarbonates, carbonates and
oxides of carbon are regarded as organic.)
Organic Nutrients/ Compounds
• Organic Compounds are compounds containing carbon
found in living things
• BUT there are exceptions are classified as NON-organic
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Carbon Monoxide(CO).
• Hydrogen Carbonates (HCO3- )
Overview: Carbon—The Backbone of
Biological Molecules
• Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest consists
mostly of carbon-based organic compounds
• Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large,
complex, and diverse molecules
• Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules
that distinguish living matter are all composed of
carbon compounds
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Inorganic Nutrients Species need to
survive
• Living organisms need a supply of
chemicals elements from the
environment.
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Essential Elements of Life
• About 25 of the 92 elements are essential to life
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 99% of
living matter
• Most of the remaining 1% consists of calcium,
phosphorus, potassium, iron and sulfur
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Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs obtain all the elements they need from
inorganic sources, include carbon and nitrogen
• Heterotrophs obtain carbon and nitrogen from their food
(other living organisms). They do obtain other inorganic
elements such as sodium, potassium and calcium from
the abiotic (non-living world)
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Sustainability of Ecosystem
• Something is Sustainable - if something that can continue
indefinitely
• There are three requirements for sustainability
1. Nutrient availability
2. Detoxification of waste products
3.
energy availability
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Mesocosms – Lab/ practical 5
• Mesocosm are small experimental areas that are set up
as ecological experiments.
• i.e. Small fenced off enclosures in grasslands and forests can be
used –VIDEO – EVOLUTION minnows in MEXICO illustrates
mesocosms
• We will create a sustainable mesocosm for a lab.
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Community & Populations SKILL
• A community is formed by populations of different species
living together and interacting.
• SKILL : Test for the association between species using
Chi-Square Sampling with data obtained by quadrat
sampling.
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Chi-Square Tutorial
• https://www.khanacademy.org/math/probability/statistics-
inferential/chi-square/v/pearson-s-chi-square-testgoodness-of-fit