Transcript Week 6 Q4 evolution, classification, ecosystems - Mr-Paullers-wiki

Quarter 4 HSA Review
Session
Evolution, Classification,
Ecosystems and Interactions,
Energy Flow, and Succession
EVOLUTION
Evolution

The change of populations of organisms over time.
Type of Evidence
Definition
Paleontology
The study of fossils (the preserved or
mineralized remains )
Comparative
Embryology
Comparing the early stages of development
between different species
Comparing body parts of different organisms.
Organisms with a common ancestor have body
parts that are similar in structure, but not necessarily
function (homologous structures)
Comparing organisms by examining their DNA
or amino acid sequences; gel electrophoresis
can be used to compare similarities
Comparative
Anatomy
Comparative
Biochemistry
Natural Selection

Evolution is driven by natural selection.

Natural selection: “Survival of the fittest”-The
best adapted organisms will survive and
reproduce, and pass these favorable traits on to
the next generation.
.
CLASSIFICATION
Classification of Organisms
• Classification: Arranging organisms into groups based on
their similarities
Kingdom
Cell Type
(Prokaryote or
Eukaryote)
# of Cells
(Unicellular and/or
multicellular)
Nutrition
(Autotroph and/or
Heterotroph)
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph and
Heterotroph
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Protista
Eukaryote
Fungi
Eukaryote
Plantae
Eukaryote
Animalia
Eukaryote
Unicellular and
Multicellular
Unicellular and
Multicellular
Autotroph and
Heterotroph
Autotroph and
Heterotroph
Heterotroph
Multicelluar
Autotroph
Multicellular
Heterotroph
EVOLUTION AND
CLASSIFICATION
QUESTIONS
Question 1
Rabbits that live in warm climates have larger ears than
rabbits that live in cold climates. Larger ears allow rabbits
to cool themselves by releasing body heat. Which term
describes this characteristic?
A. alteration
B. mutation
C. adaptation
D. recombination
Question 2
The mole rat is an animal that avoids predators by living
underground. Its long claws and teeth allow it to dig deep
holes. Scientists believe the ancestors of the mole rat lived
above ground and had shorter claws and teeth.
Which of these processes resulted in the long claws and
teeth found in the modern mole rat?
A. natural selection
B. selective breeding
C. genetic engineering
D. asexual reproduction
Question 3
A researcher is studying raccoons and skunks. She
wants to find out how closely these two mammals are
related. Which of these characteristics would be best
for her to study?
A. sequences of DNA
B. reproductive habits
C. movement of RNA
D. physical appearance
Question 4
A cell is observed through a microscope. The cell
is found to have a cell wall, a cell membrane, and
numerous ribosomes. The cell does not have a
nucleus. This cell is most likely from a
A. bacterium
B. fungus
C. plant
D. protist
Question 5
ECOSYSTEMS
What is Ecology?

Ecology is the study of the interactions
between organisms and their environment.
Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors in
an Environment

Abiotic Factors –
 Nonliving parts of an
environment
 Examples: temperature,
sunlight, precipitation
(water), soil, etc.

Biotic Factors Living parts of an
environment
 Organisms (plants,
animals, etc.)
SPECIES
INTERACTIONS
Species Interactions
Interaction
Predation
Competition
Definition
One organism captures and eats another organism
Struggle for limited resources
(food, water, shelter, etc.)
Commensalism
One organism (parasite) benefits and the other
(host) is harmed; Parasite feeds on the host
One benefits and the other is unaffected (neither
benefited or harmed)
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit
Parasitism
ECOSYSTEMS AND
SPECIES INTERACTIONS
QUESTIONS
Question 6
A summer camp was built near a lake in the mountains.
The campers used the lake for swimming, fishing, and
boating. The relationships between three organisms
found in the lake are shown below.
Striped fish are affected by biotic and abiotic factors in
their environment. Which of these factors is biotic?
A. water temperature
B. mineral nutrients
C. freshwater algae
D. inorganic sediments
Question 7
Use the relationships in the food web below to answer the
following question.
The relationship between the mice and the insects is an example of
A. commensalism
B. mutualism
C. parasite–host
D. predator–prey
Question 8
Scientists have recently discovered hydrothermal vent communities on
the ocean floor. A diagram of a hydrothermal vent community is shown
in the figure below.
The organisms in this community live near heated vents. Inorganic compounds
such as sulfides mix with extremely hot water when they are released from the
vents. Bacteria use the sulfides to make food for themselves and other animals.
Many of these bacteria live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant
white clams that live in this community.
Which of these is an abiotic factor that influences this ecosystem?
A. food
C. water temperature
B. bacteria
D. giant tubeworms
Question 9
A protozoan lives inside a rat and takes its nourishment from
the rat’s body. Because the protozoan damages the rat’s brain,
the rat loses its fear of cats. A cat attacks an infected rat; the
protozoan enters the cat’s body and completes its life cycle.
Which of these describes the relationship between the
protozoan and the rat?
A. commensalism
B. parasite–host
C. mutualism
D. predator–prey
ENERGY FLOW
Producers vs. Consumers

PRODUCERS: organisms that can make their own food
(plants, algae, etc.)

CONSUMERS: organisms that can not make their own food

Obtain their energy by eating other organisms
Types of Consumers
Type of Consumers
Herbivore
Definition
Eats only plants
Carnivore
Eats only animals
Omnivore
Eats both plants and animals
Scavenger
Decomposer
Feeds on the bodies of dead organisms
Breaks down and absorb dead organisms & waste,
returning some of the material to the environment
Food Chain

Energy flows through an
ecosystem by moving from
producers to various levels
of consumers.

A food chain is single
pathway of feeding
relationships among
organisms that results in
energy transfer
Food Web

The feeding relationships in an ecosystem are usually too
complicated to be represented by a single food chain.


Many consumers eat more than one type of food, more
than one species may feed on the same type of food, etc.
Food web: The interconnected food chains of an ecosystem
Trophic Levels

Trophic Level: An organism’s
position or level in a food chain or
food web
4
3

1st trophic level: Producers
2

2nd trophic level: herbivores
1

3rd trophic level and above:
Carnivores or Omnivores
Energy Pyramid

Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level

Only 10% of the energy found in one trophic level gets transferred
on to the next level.

90% of energy is lost in each tropic level:

Mainly as heat

Other life processes (growth, movement, etc.)
SUCCESSION
What is succession?

A series of changes that occur in a community over time

There are 2 types of succession:
1.
Primary succession: Development of a community in
an area that has not supported life previously (ex: new island)
2.
Secondary succession: Change in an existing community
following a disturbance (forest fire, flood, hurricane, etc.)
ENERGY FLOW AND
SUCCESSION
QUESTIONS
Question 10
Gray wolves were reintroduced into
Yellowstone National Park in 1995. Two
years later, the population of coyotes had
decreased by 50%. Coyotes were found in
all habitats of the park before the gray
wolves were reintroduced. Now, coyotes
are most often found in the hills and
mountains.
Which of these describes the role of the
vole in the Yellowstone ecosystem?
A. decomposer
B. producer
C. herbivore
D. carnivore
Question 11
Scientists classify humans as omnivores, based
on their teeth. As omnivores, humans eat
A. only fungi
B. mostly plants and animals
C. only animals
D. mostly bacteria and fungi
Question 12
Question 13
A team of marine scientists is studying biotic and abiotic
factors that affect the stability of a deep-sea ecosystem.
The scientists discovered a species of fish that eats
other fish and decaying matter. Which of these does not
describe the newly discovered fish?
A. consumer
B. predator
C. scavenger
D. producer
Question 14
Hydrothermal vent communities are often destroyed by lava
erupting from the ocean floor. After the lava has cooled, different
organisms begin to inhabit the area. Over a period of a few years,
organisms inhabit the area in the following order:
sulfur bacteria -> crabs -> giant tubeworms -> clams and mussels
Which of these best identifies this sequence of events?
A. evolution
B. mutation
C. succession
D. translation