Transcript biodiversity conservation usd ss2005

Biological Diversity
Conceptual levels
• Genetic: genes, DNA
– Determines diversity within a species
– Eg 1000 genes in bacteria, 10,000 in fungi, 700,000 in flowering
plants etc
– …is what allows populations to adapt to changes in climate
and other local environmental conditions…
• Species:
– Mammals, birds, reptiles
– rate of extinction>rate of species formation
– Domestication of few species
Biological Diversity
• Ecosystems
– An ecosystem is a system where populations of
species group together into communities and
interact with each other and the abiotic
environment.
– Marine – eg coral reefs
– Terrestrial – eg deserts, rivers, mountain etc
Biological Diversity
Management concepts
• max sustainable yield
-the largest yield that can be obtained which does not
deplete or damage natural resources irreparably and
which leaves the environment in good order for future
generations.
-the maximum amount of a species or group of species
that can be taken without diminishing the future take.
• optimum yield
• Precautionary approach
-large safety factor
-continuos monitoring/assesment
-public review
Biological Diversity/nature conservation
Management concepts
• max sustainable yield
-the largest yield that can be obtained which does not
deplete or damage natural resources irreparably and
which leaves the environment in good order for future
generations.
-the maximum amount of a species or group of species
that can be taken without diminishing the future take.
• optimum yield
• Precautionary approach
-large safety factor
-continuos monitoring/assesment
-public review
Biological Diversity/nature conservation
Functions of the law
• Distributive: Ownership status
• Conservatory: by regulation
• Proscriptive: by prohibition
Biological Diversity/nature conservation
Legal status of living resources/habitats/ecosystems
• Sovereign property
• Common property
More modern requirements:
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Transboundary biological resources
Animal rights?
Environmentalists
Common heritage
Biological Diversity/nature conservation
Soft law
• UNEP Principles of
Conduct…conservation..harmonious utilization of natural
resources shared… 1978
• IUCN World Charter for Nature (WCN) 1982
-wise use
-unique areas
- persons participation, individual obligations to protect
-International areas
Biological Diversity/nature conservation
Bruntland report 1987
-biosphere reserves
-common heritage
-trust fund
-World bank role
-22 legal principles
Biological Diversity/nature conservation
• Rio Declaration 1992
Agenda 21
Combating deforestation
Fragile ecosystems
Sustainable mountain development
Sustainable agriculture
Conservation of biodiversity
Sound management of biotechnology
Sustainable use of ocean resources
Habitat conservation
Biological Diversity/nature conservation
• IUCN Draft International Convention on
Environment and Development 2000
treaties
Convention on Biological Diversity 1993 (188 parties, in force
1994)
• negotiations
• preamble
• objectives (art 1)
– Conservation of diversity
– Sustainable use if components
– Fair and equitable sharing of benefits from use, access to genetic
resources, tech transfer
– Rights over resources/technologies
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definitions (art 3)
Jur scope (art 4)
in-situ/ex situ conservation measures (art 8-10)
access to genetic resources (art 15), share results
access to technology (esp art 16), intellectual property rights,
private sector
• handling of biotechnology (art 19)
Convention on Biological Diversity 1993
• Institutions:
– COP (Montreal)
-Subsidiary bodies
-Subsidiary Body on scientific, technical and
technological advice
-open ended working group on biosafety 1996-1999
-expert panel on access and benefit sharing
-open ended ad hoc working group on article 8(j)
• Clearing House Mechanism – internet based
• Compliance: weak national reporting (art 26), financial
compensation for compliance (art 20.2), social/economic
incentives for compliance (art 11) but reports available to public
de facto, igo/ngo observer status (art 23.5)
• No enforcement provision/protocol yet
• Financial mechanism through GEF/WB
• Access to genetic resources: practice
– 1995, the Philippines required bioprospectors to get "prior
informed consent" from both the government and local
peoples.
– Costa Rica's National Institute of Biodiversity (INBIO)
signed a historic bioprospecting agreement with a major
drug company to receive funds and share in benefits from
biological materials that are commercialized.
– Countries of the Andean Pact (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia and Venezuela) have adopted laws and measures to
regulate access to their genetic resources:
• submission of duplicate samples of genetic resources
collected to a designated institution
• a national institution for collection of genetic resources
• sharing existing information
• sharing research results with the competent national authority
• assisting in the strengthening of institutional capacities
• sharing specific financial or related benefits.
• Access to technology practice?
– No particular legislation
– But:
• Much scientific info available on internet/ published
• Exchange of students
Convention on Biological Diversity 1993
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (117 parties,
in force since sept 2003)
• LMOs transgenic modification
GMOs
Traditional modification
Therefore, protocol:
-advance informed agreement procedure (art 7)
-export/import notification (art 8, 9, 10)
-labelling requirements
-biosafety clearing house for information
access
Post CBD
• Convention on Desertification 1994
• Forest Principles
NON-LEGALLY BINDING AUTHORITATIVE
STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES FOR A GLOBAL
CONSENSUS ON THE MANAGEMENT,
CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF ALL TYPES OF FORESTS
Pre CBD - Existing treaties
four main treaties:
• Ramsar Convention 1971
• World Heritage Convention 1972
• CITES 1973
• Migratory species convention 1979
Pre CBD - Existing treaties
• Common characteristics
– Listing
– protected areas
– COP
– national reporting
– dispute settlement by negotiation only
-after CBD, practice of MoUs
-reservations to listings allowed!
Pre-CBD
Ramsar Convention 1971 (in force 1975, 144
parties
Wetlands of
International
Importance
• Lists int imp wetlands
• Wise use concept
Pre-CBD
World Heritage Convention 1972
(unesco in force 1975, 177 parties)
world heritage list
Pre-CBD
World Heritage Convention 1972
World heritage in danger list
Pre-CBD
World Heritage Convention 1972
Australia v Tasmania (Tasmania Dam case 1983)
• Australia is a federation
• states retain part of their sovereignty acc to their
constitution
• Constitution defines the areas of federal legislation;
in residual areas, states have jurisdiction
• federal government in Australia conducts foreign
affairs.
• Australia – fed gov - member of WHC, this site listed
• Could federal government legislate in an area
covered by the treaty where it would have had no
power to legislate had the treaty not been made?
• Yes : therefore, no dam to be built in archeol./ biol
imp/sensitive area even if Tasmanian people want it
World Heritage Convention
also
• Return looted heritage
– Eg Ethiopian obelisk from Rome – E
• Protecting heritage sites during wars
Convention on migratory species of wild
animals 1979 (UNEP, in force 1983, 89 parties)
• Obligations depend on state of threat
– App I most endangered: conserve and
restore habitats
– App II not endangered: agreements to
restore
*
Pre CBD-Migratory species convention 1979
P
o
•
I OF THE CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD
l APPENDIX
ANIMALS (CMS)
(asyamended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999 and 2002)
s
Mammalia CHIROPTERA
Molossidae Tadarida brasiliensis PRIMATES
Hominidae
t (1) Gorilla gorilla beringei CETACEA
Physeteridae Physeter macrocephalus
*
Platanistidae
Platanista
gangetica
gangetica
*
Pontoporiidae Pontoporia blainvillei
i
*
BalaenopteridaeBalaenoptera borealis *Balaenoptera physalus *Balaenoptera
c musculusMegaptera novaeangliae
Balaenidae Balaena mysticetusEubalaena glacialis (2) (North
Atlantic)Eubalaena
japonica
(3)
(North
Pacific)Eubalaena
australis
t (4) CARNIVORA
Mustelidae Lontra felina (5)
Lontra provocax (6)
Felidae Uncia
Phocidae (8) Monachus monachus * SIRENIA
Trichechidae Trichechus
a uncia (7)
manatus * (populations between Honduras and Panama) PERISSODACTYLA
EquidaeEquus
s grevyi ARTIODACTYLA
Camelidae Camelus bactrianus
Vicugna vicugna * (except
Peruvian
populations)
CervidaeCervus
elaphus
barbarusHippocamelus
t
bisulcus
BovidaeBos sauveliBos grunniensAddax nasomaculatusGazella cuvieriGazella
e damaGazella dorcas (only Northwest African populations)Gazella leptocerosOryx dammah
Aves SPHENISCIFORMES
Spheniscidae Spheniscus
l *humboldti
PROCELLARIIFORMES
Diomedeidae Diomedea albatrusDiomedea
Procellariidae Pterodroma cahowPterodroma phaeopygiaPterodroma
l amsterdamensis
sandwichensis (9) Puffinus creatopus
Pelecanoididae Pelecanoides
e garnotii PELECANIFORMES
Pelecanidae Pelecanus crispus *Pelecanus onocrotalus * (only
Palearctic
populations)
CICONIIFORMES
Ardeidae Egretta eulophotes Gorsachius
r goisagi
Ciconiidae Ciconia boyciana
Threskiornithidae Geronticus eremita * Platalea
i minor PHOENICOPTERIFORMES
PhoenicopteridaePhoenicopterus andinus
(10)Phoenicopterus jamesi (11) ANSERIFORMES
AnatidaeAnser cygnoides *
Anser
* erythropus *Branta ruficollis *Chloephaga rubidiceps *Anas formosa
*Marmaronetta angustirostris *Aythya
nyroca *Polysticta stelleri *Oxyura leucocephala * FALCONIFORMES
AccipitridaeHaliaeetus
Oalbicilla *Haliaeetus leucoryphus *Haliaeetus pelagicus *Aquila clanga *Aquila heliaca *Aquila adalberti (12)
Falconidae Falco naumanni *
x*
y
u
Pre-CBD
CITES Convention on the international trade in endangered
species of flora and fauna 1973 (IUCN, in force 1975, 167
parties)
Trade in endangered species
Aim: prevent commercial trade in..
3 appendices:
•
Appendix I: species threatened with extinction;
trade only in exceptional circumstances.
• Appendix II :species not necessarily threatened with
extinction, but trade must be controlled to avoid
future survival danger.
• Appendix III: species protected in at least one
country, asked other CITES Parties for assistance in
controlling the trade.
Pre CBD
CITES- endangered species lists
• Appendices I, II and III valid from 16 October 2003
Appendix IAppendix II Appendix III
F A U N A (ANIMALS)P H Y L U M C H O R D A T A CLASS
MAMMALIA
(MAMMALS)
PRIMATES Apes, monkeys Lemuridae Large lemurs Lemuridae
spp. Megaladapidae Sportive lemurs Megaladapidae spp.
(possibly extinct) Cheirogaleidae Dwarf lemurs Cheirogaleidae
spp. Indridae Avahi, indris, sifakas, woolly lemurs Indridae
spp. Daubentoniidae Aye-aye Daubentonia
madagascariensis Callitrichidae Marmosets, tamarins
Callimico goeldii Callithrix aurita
Pre-CBD
CITES 1973
• States must establish management,
scientific authority
• Permit system (export and import)
• Data collection and monitoring by NGOs
• National implementation
eg UK Criminal Justice Act Nov 2003
Marine biodiversity
Original legal status of seas:
• Territorial seas (3 miles)
• High seas
• Pacific Fur Seals arbitration
– Migratory seals not sovereign property
– Freedom of high seas
– Joint conservation/management model but
regime failed
Marine biodiversity
• Iceland’s unilateral declaration of 12 mile
territorial sea 1972
• Iceland declares exclusive fisheries zone 50
miles
• Icelandic fisheries cases 1974
• UNCLOS III 1982
Legal status of seas today:
territorial sea 12 miles: coastal state
jur.
exclusive economic zone 200
miles : coastal state jur. if declared
high seas : freedom
Marine Biodiversity
• Straddling Stocks Agreement 1995 (in force
2001)
• Convention for Regulation of Whaling 1946
• UNEP Regional Seas conventions
Indirect:
Pollution treaties – oil spills, land based, from
vessels, emergencies
Biodiversity/ nature conservation
•
prohibitions, restrictions, trade control/sanctions for endangered species
•
No customary law to protect endangered species/sites/habitats, all
through treaty
•
CBD principles – non binding – only provide guidance
– Precautionary principle
– Equitable sharing - of benefits of traditional knowledge but only
appropriate access to technology, not equitable access
– Intergenerational equity
•
Obligation to cooperate
– info exchange of publicly available info, not private
- governments to enable access to biotech research/ results of using genetic
resources
•
Equity principles not so well developed complex re genetic resources
and implementation/ enforcement up to state party
•
Large nm of treaties, still piecemeal, CBD fills gaps overlaps/synergies
need working out