Transcript Fig 1

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The connection between resources and armed
conflict: Darfur
Changes in precipitation 1900-2000
Drought in the northern part of Darfur has
forced nomadic groups to immigrate southwards
in search of water and herding ground, which
resulted in conflict with sedentary tribes.
Solutions to the violence in Darfur must consider
the environmental factors behind the conflict.
Conflicts over resources are predicted to
intensify. Reduced resource exploitation can
help mitigate these conflicts.
I'm only one person, what can I do?
What you eat can contribute to or help alleviate
global climate change.
Fig 55.11
Energy is lost in each consumer: the 10% rule
Human impact:
As consumers
Use of agriculture in the U.S.
About 1/2 of water and ~80% of agricultural
land is used for raising animals.
Fossil Fuels:
Producing beef consumes over 100 times more
fossil fuel than producing potatoes.
The typical American could save almost as
much gas by going vegetarian as by not driving.
http://bicycleuniverse.info/transpo/beef.html
What you eat can contribute to or help alleviate
global climate change.
How do stable ecosystems develop?
Not all habitats are equal
Primary Succession- the first organisms to
colonize bare rock
Secondary Succession- recovery from a
disturbance
Primary Succession- from non-living to living
Primary
succession as
this glacier
retreats
Fig 54.22
Primary
Succession
after glacier
retreat,
150-300 years
Fig 54.22
in Primary
Succession
biodiversity
increases as
resources
become
available
Fig 54.22
Primary Succession: each
stage helps enable the next
Fig
54.23
Secondary Succession: after a fire
Fig 54.21
Grassland biodiversity and biomass are
increased by regular burns
Secondary Succession of a
field
(20 yrs)
Disturbances can increase resources, but disturb
the interconnections between organisms
Human vs Natural Disturbances
Restoration Ecology- human involvement in
recovering from a disturbance.
Fig 56.21
Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services by Ecological Restoration: A MetaAnalysis
J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock
Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 – 1124
Looked at the results of 89 different ecological
restorations.
Types of Disturbances:
Cessation of prescribed burning; Cultivation and cropping;
Disturbance, excavation, or burial of Substrate;
Eutrophication; Hydrological disruption; Invasion by nonnative species; Logging of trees; Over-grazing; Removal of
carnivores or herbivores; Soil contamination
Restoration action:
Cessation of degrading action only (passive restoration);
Extirpation of damaging species (including non-natives);
Nutrient removal; Planting of forbs or grasses; Planting of
trees; Reinstatement of burning; Reintroduction of
herbivores or carnivores; Remodeling of topography; Soil
amendments
Tbl 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis
J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock
Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
(nutrients and
primary production)
(goods)
(climate, water, etc)
Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis
J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock
Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis
J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock
Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
Restoration recovered 86% of biodiversity and 80%
of combined ecosystem services compared to nondisturbed systems.
Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis
J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock
Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
What limits the success of restoration?
Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis
J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock
Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
Fig 56.13
Not all habitats are equal
A third to a half of all
old-growth species avoid
younger (<30-year-old)
regrowth.
What limits the success of restoration?
Invasive Species
Why are species going extinct?
"Global Biodiversity" Chapman & Hall, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, London, 1992
Invasive species
can disrupt an
ecosystem
Fig 55.6
The brown tree snake
(Boiga irregularis)
• Its native in Australia and was introduced to Guam
accidentally in the 1950’s
• Overall responsible for the extinction of 3 out of 4
seabirds; 9 out of 13 forest birds; 3-5 out 12 reptile
species on the Island of Guam.
• This snake caused the extirpation or serious
reduction of most of the island's 25 resident bird
species on the main island of Guam.
Nile Perch (Lates niloticus)
• Introduced to Lake Victoria in 1954 to
increase fish yield
• Caused extinction of 200+ endemic fish
species through predation, and competition
• Fish caused indirect increased erosion on
land, causing higher nutrient levels in the
lake.
Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
• Introduced as ornamental plant around the world
• Now in 50 countries on 5 continents including US
• In California it replaced the native pennywort
(Hydrocotyle umbellata) which occupies a similar
habitat, leading to a marked decrease in invertebrate
communities
• Limits water transport, reduces oxygen and light
levels in the water
How Many Invasive Species Are There in
Texas?
 67 terrestrial plants
 12 aquatic/wetland plants
 10 mammals
 4 birds
 7 fishes
 11 insects
 11 mollusks and crustaceans
What limits the success of restoration?
Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis
J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock
Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
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