Transcript Levels of Ecology

Ecology
—An Overview
What is Ecology?
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Ecology is the scientific study of the
interactions between organisms and
their environment.
It is the science that seeks to describe
and explain the relationship between
living organisms and their environment.
What is Ecology? (Cont…)
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Ecology is describing the relationships
between living organisms and their
environment.
Ecology comes from the Greek words
Oîkos= House
-λογία, -logia= Study of Life
Study of the “house/environment” in
which we live.
Factors of Ecology
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There is two factors that Ecology study:
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The Abiotic Factors (non-living
components) are those inert factors of
the ecosystem, as the light, the
temperature, the chemical products, the
water and the atmosphere.
Biotic Factors (living organisms) are all
the living beings in an environment.
Ecology is study of interactions
between
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non-living components in the environment…
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light
water
wind
nutrients in soil
heat
solar radiation
atmosphere, etc.
AND…
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Living organisms…
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Plants
Animals
microorganisms in soil, etc.
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Ernst Haeckel, a German zoologist coined
the term Ecology in 1866.
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After that….
Danish botanist, Eugenius Warming
elaborate the idea of Ecology.
Classification of Ecology
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Ecology is a broad discipline comprising
many sub-disciplines. Under this system the
subjects studies:
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Ecophysiology examines how the physiological
functions of organisms influence the way they
interact with the environment, both biotic and
abiotic.
Behavioral ecology examines the roles of
behavior in enabling an animal to adapt to its
environment.
Classification of Ecology (cont…)
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Population ecology studies the
dynamics of populations of a single
species.
Community ecology (or synecology)
focuses on the interactions between
species within an ecological community.
Ecosystem ecology studies the flows of
energy and matter through the biotic and
abiotic components of ecosystems.
Classification of Ecology (cont…)
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Systems ecology is an interdisciplinary
field focusing on the study, development,
and organization of ecological systems
from a holistic perspective
Landscape ecology examines
processes and relationship in a spatially
explicit manner, often across multiple
ecosystems or very large geographic
areas.
Classification of Ecology (cont…)
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Evolutionary ecology studies ecology
in a way that explicitly considers the
evolutionary histories of species and their
interactions.
Political ecology connects politics and
economy to problems of environmental
control and ecological change.
Biosphere
Region = Biome
Landscape
Ecosystem
“Levels” of
Ecology
Community
Population interactions
Population
Individual
Levels of Ecology
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Biosphere
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Surface of the earth
It is the whole portion of Earth colonized
by living beings
Levels of Ecology (cont…)
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Region
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Group of ecosystems with the same climate and
dominant communities.
Tropical rain forest
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Tundra
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Tropical savanna
Temperate woodland
and shrubland
Northwestern
coniferous forest
Boreal forest
(Taiga)
Mountains and
ice caps
Levels of Ecology (cont…)
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Ecosystem
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A group of communities and the populations
within them embedded in a common physical
environment and tied together by physical
processes.
It refers to all the abiotic factors (physical and
chemical constituents) and all the communities
that established in a specific area.
It is a collection of organisms that live in a place
with the nonliving environment.
Levels of Ecology (cont…)
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Community
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A group of populations of different
species occurring in one place;
individuals of different species may
interact with each other
And all the living beings distributed into a
specific geographical area. A community
includes organisms of different species.
Levels of Ecology (cont…)
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Population
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A group of individuals of a given species
that live in a specific geographic area.
A group of organisms, all of the same
species, which interbreed and live in the
same area.
A group of individuals that collectively
interact to give birth to new individuals
and eventually die
Levels of Ecology (cont…)
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Individual
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Group of similar organisms that can breed
and produce fertile offspring
Ecosystem
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Ecosystem is a dynamic complex of
plant, animal and micro-organism
communities and their non-living
environment, interacting as a functional
unit.
Every element of the environment have
their own ecosystem.
A dynamic ecosystem makes the
balance of nature.
Ecosystem (cont…)
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Example of Ecosystem:
Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Status of Ecology
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Past Status
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Calm and Quite
Human don’t disturb the nature
Ecosystem had been going on its natural
cycle
Status of Ecology (cont…)
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Present Status
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Population increasing
Negative Effect
Ecological Crisis
Ecological Crisis
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The main causes of Ecological Crisis
are:
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Over Population
Environment Pollution
Deforestation
Over Population
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Over population is a depletion of resources that
occurs when too many of at least one kind of living
thing inhabits an ecosystem.
Ecological Crisis
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Major Ecological Crisis which are facing
the World:
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Greenhouse Effect
Global Warming
Climate Changes
Green House Effect
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Greenhouse effect means the change
in the thermal equilibrium temperature
of a planet by the presence of an
atmosphere containing gas that
absorbs infrared radiation.
Green House Effect (cont…)
Global Warming
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Global warming is an increase in the
average temperature of the earth's
atmosphere.
Climate Changes
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Climate change means a long-term
significant change in the “average
weather” that a given region
experiences. Average weather may
include average temperature,
precipitation and wind patterns.
It causes natural disasters.
Natural Disasters
Conclusion
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Ecosystem is a natural cycle.
Ecosystem makes the balance of
nature.
Human beings are an integral part of
ecological systems and depend on
nature for survival and quality of life.
Save Nature, survive ecosystem, safe
ourselves.
The End