Transcript Number of species

Durian
Flying fox
Smells Like Hell, Taste Like Heaven? –
YouTube
Bizarre Foods (Asia) [part 6] LAST PART
– YouTube
ANGRY BOB CONQUERS THE DURIAN
FRUIT – YouTube
FRUIT BAT – YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FK9tW
T5pA4
Flying fox bat fighting a Python – YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=l
7K5dhiuYT4&feature=endscreen
Keystone Species in Tropical
Forests
What is the niche of the flying fox?
Mutualism
What happens if the flying fox
becomes extinct?
Key Concepts
Community structure
Roles of species
Species interactions
Changes in ecosystems
Stability of ecosystems
Biodiversity
Can be changed by three things:
Latitude
Depth
Pollution
1,000
200
Species Diversity
Species Diversity
1. Latitude
100
100
0
90ºN 60
30
0 30ºS 60
Latitude
10
80ºN
60
40
20
0
Latitude
Fig. 7-3 p. 142
http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/ecosystems/ecology.html
Depth – diversity decreases with
increasing ocean water depth
Coral reefs
Coastal areas
Open oceans
Deep ocean
Hydrothermal vents
Number of diatom species
3. Pollution - Changes in Diversity and Abundance
of Diatom Species
Unpolluted
stream
Polluted
stream
Number of individuals per diatom species
Fig. 7-4, p. 142
Community Structure
Physical appearance
Species diversity or richness
Species abundance
Niche structure
Parking lot community
C. Species Equilibrium Model
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Rate of immigration
or extinction
High
Low
Equilibrium number
Number of species on island
(a) Immigration and extinction rates
Fig. 7-5a, p. 143
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Rate of immigration
or extinction
High
Low
Small island
Large island
Number of species on island
(b) Effect of island size
Fig. 7-5b, p. 143
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
High
Immigration
(near island)
Rate of immigration
or extinction
Extinction
Immigration
(far island)
Low
Far island
Near island
Number of species on island
Effect of distance from mainland
Fig. 7-5c, p. 143
Island biogeography animation
Area and distance effects interaction.
Click to view
animation.
D. The Ecological Niche
Niche - conditions and resources influence the
maintenance, growth, and reproduction of organisms
practically it is not possible to describe all conditions
and resources that influence an organism, so
ecologist focus on the most important niche
parameters.
for example: temperature may be the most
important niche parameter for a plant growing at
the northern limit of the range.
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
1. Fundamental vs. Realized Niche
a. fundamental niche: the full range of
conditions and resources that an organism
could theoretically use in the absence of
competition with other species.
b. realized niche: the portion of the fundamental
niche that an organism actually occupies;
actual range of conditions and resources that
an organism uses.
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
2. Generalists vs. Specialists
a. generalists have broad niches;
b. specialists have narrow niches
Examples?
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
E. General Types of Species
1. Native species – species that
normally live and thrive in an
ecosystem
2. Non-native species (exotic, alien,
introduced) – species that migrate
into ecosystem, or are deliberately or
accidentally introduced by humans,
some beneficial, others thrive and
out-compete native species
General Types of Species cont’d
a. Introduced species – see above
 b. Invasive species – non-native species that
has become a pest
Fire Ants
3. Keystone species – role is important, more
so than their abundance or biomass
Flying Fox
4. Indicator species – serve as an early warning
sign of damage to community or ecosystem.
Birds, insects, amphibians
Life Cycle of a Frog-indicator species
Adult frog
(3 years)
Young frog
sperm
Tadpole
develops
Into frog
Sexual
reproduction
Tadpole
Eggs
Fertilized egg
development
Egg hatches
Organ formation
Fig. 7-6, p. 145
F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition
a. Intraspecific competition
- same species
b. Interspecific competition
-diff. species same resource
Resource Partitioning of Warbler
Species
Fig. 7-8, p. 148
Resource Partitioning
Species with similar
resource
requirements can
coexist because they
use limited resources
at different times, in
different ways, or in
different places. For
example, specialized
feeding niches of
various birds of
coastal wetland
enable coexistence
of many species.
Fig. 9–4a
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
c. Resource Partitioning and Niche
Specialization
Fig. 7-7, p. 147
Species interactions-Symbiosis
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Research
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Invasive species
Native species
Indicator species
Keystone species
f. Competitive Exclusion Principle
Gause's competition experiment interaction.
Click to view
animation.
2. Species Interactions: Predation
Predator
Prey
c. Prey acquisition – 2 types
d. Predator avoidance
e. Defense
Avoiding or Defending Against Predators
Avoidance
Defense
 Escape
 Chemical warfare
 Senses
 Armor
 Camouflage
 Safety in numbers
 Mimicry
Both
 Behavioral strategies
 Warning coloration
p. 169
How Species Avoid Predators
Span worm
Wandering leaf insect
Poison dart frog
Viceroy butterfly mimics
monarch butterfly
Bombardier beetle
Hind wings of io moth
resemble eyes of a
much larger animal
Foul-tasting monarch
butterfly
When touched, the
snake caterpillar
changes shape to look
like the head of a snake
3. Species Interactions: Parasitism
Parasite
Host
Dangers of parasites
Importance of parasites
4. Species Interactions: Mutualism
a. Examples
Pollination
Nutritional
Gut inhabitants
Protection
Rhizobium and legumes
5. Species Interactions: Commensalism
Species interaction that benefits one
and has little or no effect on the other
Symbiosis
Species 1
Sp.
2
+
-
+
Mutualism
& Synergism
-
Predation
& Parasitism
Competition
0
Commensalism
Amensalism
0
Neutralism
APES Chapter 7
Community Ecology Part 2
What is a bee’s niche?
YouTube - NATURE | Silence Of The
Bees | Online Exclusive | PBS
Diversity
Succession. Animation.
G. Ecological Succession
Process in which
communities of plant
and animals species are
replaced over time by a
series of different
communities
Enchanted
Rock
Two kinds of Succession
1. Primary succession - begins with a
lifeless area where there is no soil (ex.
bare rock). Soil formation begins with
lichens or moss.
2. Secondary succession - begins in an
area where the natural community has
been disturbed, removed, or destroyed,
but soil or bottom sediments remain.
1. Primary Succession
1. Primary Ecological Succession
Fig. 7-11 p. 152
Click here for animation
2. Secondary Ecological Succession
Fig. 7-12, p. 153
Succession
3. Pioneer species  pioneer
community
4. Equilibrium species
5. Successional species =
pioneer & equilibrium species
6. Climax species  climax
community
(Number of species)
Mechanisms of Succession
Both primary and secondary succession are driven by
three mechanisms:
• facilitation: a process by which an earlier
successional species makes the environment suitable
for later successional species; e.g., legumes fixing
nitrogen can enable later successional species;
• inhibition: a process whereby one species hinders
the establishment and growth of other species; e.g.,
shade of late successional trees inhibits the growth of
early successional trees;
• tolerance: a process whereby later successional
species are unaffected by earlier successional
species.
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
6. Effects on Succession and Species
Diversity
a. Disturbance
b. Intermediate
disturbance
hypothesis
Harvester ant mound
Species diversity
6 b. Intermediate Disturbance
Hypothesis
0
100
Percentage disturbance
Fig. 7-13, p. 154
7. How Predictable is Succession?
Climax community
“Balance of nature”
Unpredictable struggle
Ecologists’ views
H. Ecological Stability and Sustainability
1. Stability
2. Inertia
3. Persistence
4. Constancy
5. Resilience
6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability
7. Precautionary principle
I. Depletion of Resources in the Western
Hemisphere Click here for animation
Grizzly
bear
NORTH
AMERICA
Eastern
cougar
St. Lawrence
beluga whale Humpback
whale
More than 60% of the
Pacific Northwest
Spotted
coastal forest has
Fish catch in the north-west Atlantic has fallen
owl
been cut down
Black42% since its peak in 1973
40% of North America’s
footed Florida
Chesapeake Bay is overfished and polluted
panther
range and cropland
ferret
California
Manatee
has lost productivity
Kemp’s
condor
Much of Everglades National Park has dried out
ridley
and lost 90% of its wading birds
Hawaiian
turtle
monk seal
Golden
Coral reef destruction
Half of the forest
toad
in Honduras and
Every year 14,000
Nicaragua has
Columbia has
square kilometers of
disappeared
lost one-third of
Mangroves
rain forest is destroyed
its forest
cleared
in the Amazon Basin
in Equador for
Black lion
shrimp ponds
tamarin
PACIFIC
SOUTH
Little of Brazil’s
OCEAN
AMERICA Atlantic forest
ATLANTIC
remains
OCEAN
Southern
Environmental degradation
Chile’s rain
forest is
threatened
Vanishing biodiversity
Endangered species
6.0 or more children
per woman
Fig. 7-14a, p. 156
I. Depletion of Resources in the
Western Hemisphere Click here for animation
Poland is one of
the world’s most
polluted countries
Imperial eagle
EUROPE
Many parts of
former Soviet Union ASIA
are polluted with
industrial and radioCentral Asia from the
active waste
Middle East to China
has lost 72% of range Giant
panda
and cropland
Area of
Aral Sea has Snow leopard
Shrunk 46%
Japanese timber imports
are responsible for much
of the world’s tropical
deforestation
Mediterranean
640,000 square kilometers
Saudi
south of the Sahara have
Arabia
Deforestation in the Himalaya
Asian
Liberia
turned to desert since 1940
causes flooding in Bangladesh
elephant
Oman
Kouprey
Eritrea
Mali AFRICA
Yemen
90% of the coral reefs
India and
Ethiopia
Burkina Niger
are threatened in the
Sri Lanka
Philippines. All virgin
Faso
Benin Chad Golden
have
almost
Sierra
forest will be gone
Nigeria tamarin
no rain
Leone Togo
by 2010
Congo Uganda
forest left
Sao Tome Rwanda
Somalia
In peninsular Malaysia
Queen Alexandra’s
68% of the
Burundi
almost all forests have
Birdwing butterfly
Congo’s
Angola
been cut
Indonesia’s
rain forest
Zambia
coral reefs are
is slated
Nail-tailed
INDIAN OCEAN
threatened
wallaby
for cleaning
Aye-aye
Fish catches in
and
AUSTALIA
Black
Southeast Atlantic
mangrove
have dropped by more rhinoceros Madagascar has
Much of
forests
lost
66%
of
its
than 50% since 1973
Australia’s
have
been
tropical forest
range and
cut in half
cropland
have turned
to desert
Blue whale
A thinning of the ozone layer occurs
over Antarctica during summer
ANTARCTICA
Fig. 7-14b, p. 157
Random Sampling lab
Groups of 2-3 people
Materials:
Scissors
Paper
Ruler
Two containers
Pencil
Calculator