Transcript relationships_in_ecology

Relationships In Ecology.
Biological Community
Intra-specific Competition
Intra-specific Cooperation
Inter-specific relationships:
Competition
Browsing/Grazing
Predation and Scavenging
Commensalism
Mutualism (symbiosis)
Parasitism (ecto and endoparasites)
Saprophytism
Antibiosis
http://www.hickerphoto.com/data/media/166/tundra-animals_523.jpg
Biological Community.
• A population that all live and interact in the same
area is a biological community.
http://www.mass.gov/envir/forest/images/multiLayerForest.jpg
Intra-specific Competition.
• Intra-specific competition is competition between
individuals of the same species for essential
resources.
• For example these two
Deer are both from the
same species but still
compete for mating
rights and territory.
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2150/1523863979_5235218b54.jpg?v=0
Intra-specific Cooperation
• Intra-specific competition is when individual
organisms help each other for survival and
reproduction.
• An example of this is when
animals join together in
herds and groups and work
together to obtain food,
avoid enemies and
watch out for each other.
http://www.desktopscenes.com/Scenes%20from%20the%20National%20Bison%20Range%20(2004)/Bison%20Herd%20o
n%20the%20Move.jpg
Competition.
• Competiton is when organisms in the same
ecosystem go against each other for the same
resources.
• For example when lions
fight against vultures
to keep their kill.
http://picasaweb.google.com/janicetipping/MasaiMaraKenya/photo#5186417424285934258
Browsing/Grazing
• Browsing and grazing is the predation of
herbivores after vegetation.
• For example Rhinoceros
graze the Savannahs of
Africa for grass.
http://www.arkive.org/media/45C07EF6-9B43-405D-9A39-4F112BEB841C/Presentation.Medium/Sumatran-rhinocerosgrazing.jpg
Predation.
• Predation is the relationship of an animal
hunting and feeding on another known as their
prey.
• For example this Hawk
feeding on a vole
that it has hunted.
Scavenging
• Animals rely on other animals kills for food.
Carnivorous but don’t hunt for themselves.
• For example Hyenas
roam in packs and
chase the hunter away
from its prey so that
they can feed
http://www.perlgurl.org/archives/blogpics/AfricaFieldNotes/WebHyena02.jpg
Commensalism
• A relationship between two organisms where
one benefits and the other is neither helped nor
harmed
• For example a bird that
nests in a tree does not
harm the tree but
benefits from it.
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/168/474785895_3bf12968f4.jpg?v=
0
Mutualism (Symbiosis)
• Mutualism is a relationship between organisms
where both benefit.
• For example this
Wood Pigeon (Kereru)
feeds on the fruit of
Puriri trees and when it
excretes it spreads
the trees seeds.
http://www.pacifictreasures.co.nz/site/covenant/images/FEB06_3_031_1_3.jpg
Parasitism
• Parasitism is a relationship between two
organisms where one benefits and the other is
harmed.
• For example maggots in a
sheep's wool. They feed on
the sheep's living flesh
causing great pain to the
sheep and eventually death.
http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/13368.jpg
Saprophytism
• A saprophyte is an animal that gains nutrients
from non-living organic matter, usually plant or
animal matter.
• For example a dung beetle
using animal manure to
incubate and feed is offspring.
http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/dung-beetle-05a26002.jpg
Antibiosis
• Antibiosis is a relationship between two
organisms that is detrimental to at least one of
them.
• For example birds and
snakes in the Amazon try
to feed on Poison Arrow
Frogs but are
poisoned in the process.
http://zims.isis.org/aark/YOTF%20Campaign%20Pack%20images/Dendrobates%20auratus,%20Green%20and%20Black%
20Poison%20Arrow%20Frog,%20Richard%20Gibson.jpg