Transcript Sacred Forests of Kodagu - World Agroforestry Centre

Impact of shade management on
avifaunal diversity
Case study of the coffee agroforestry systems of
Kodagu, Western Ghats (India)
Harish T.T., Prakash,, C.G. Kushalappa
WAC Conference – Nairobi 2009
Introduction
 Avian community studies as tools for
monitoring forest and agroforest ecosystems.
 Few reports available on bird diversity of
Western Ghats.
 Landscape level dynamics question the
ecological sustainability of the production
system
 Complementing
assessments
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existing
tree
biodiversity
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Objectives
• To determine and compare the similarity in
bird species composition across semievergreen and moist deciduous vegetation
types.
• To assess the impact changes on the canopy
cover have on bird species diversity.
• To study the community structure and
organization of bird species based on their
food and feeding habitat.
• To prepare a checklist of birds of Cauvery
watershed area.
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Study Area
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Sampling
50m
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500m
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Methods
25
m
• The bird numbers on either side of the transect while
on a walk along the transect was recorded between
7.00 A.M to 9.00 A.M and 4.00 A.M to 6.00 P.M
• The species identification based on Ali (1996) and
Grimmett et al., (1999).
25
m
200m
Line Transect method
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Distribution of species among habitats
60 Species
82 Species
SEG
MD
Only in SEG
Only in MD
Common in both
Vegetations
27 Species
88 Species
22 Species
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Comparison of biodiversity measures
Diversity
Parameters
Shannon's
Diversity
Species
Richness
Evenness Index
Beta Diversity
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Moist Deciduous
Semi-evergreen
Native
Silver oak
Native
Silver oak
plantations
plantations
plantation
plantation
3.74
2.95
3.89
3.05
79
34
84
32
0.85
0.83
0.87
0.88
0.45
0.43
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Canopy diversity and bird diversity
r = 0.58
4
3
Bird diversity
3
Bird diversity
r = 0.57
4
2
1
2
1
0
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
Tree diversity
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2.5
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Tree diversity
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Canopy density and bird diversity
8.00
r = 0.61
Shannon's diversity
Shannon's diversity
8
6
4
2
0
r = 0.42
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0
20
40
60
Canopy per cent
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100
0
40
20
60
80
Canopy per cent
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Impact of G. robusta on bird diversity
r = 0.72
4.00
Shannon's Diversity
Shannon's Diversity
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
r = 0.48
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
Percentage of Sil ver oak
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100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percentage of Sil ver oak
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Food Guild across habitats
Moist deciduous
Food Guild
Semi-evergreen
Native
plantation
Silver oak
plantation
Native
plantations
Silver oak
plantation
1
0
0
0
Birds of Prey
4
0
1
0
Frugivorous
13
2
19
6
Granivorous
4
1
4
1
Insectivorous
35
22
35
16
Nectarivorous
4
0
2
0
Omnivorous
9
5
11
5
Aquatic
Feeder
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•The birds such as the Spotted Dove,
Green Bee-eater, Greater Coucal, Redvented Bulbul, Scarlet Minivet, House
Crow were more abundant in moist
deciduous region.
•The birds such as Large-billed Crow,
Scarlet Minivet, Red-whiskered Bulbul,
White-cheeked Barbet, Brown-headed
Barbet, Hill Myna, Indian Grey Hornbill,
Spotted Dove and House Crow were more
abundant in SEG.
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Foraging Guild of Birds found in different habitats
Moist deciduous
Foraging
Guild
Semi-evergreen
Native
plantation
Silver oak
plantation
Native
plantation
Silver oak
plantation
Bark
Gleaner
Foliage
Gleaner
7
3
6
4
34
9
43
13
Ground
Gleaner
14
11
16
8
Hawker
9
2
4
2
1
0
0
0
5
1
5
2
Water /
Wet-mud
prober
Perch-to-site
species
Sallying
species
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10
3
•Foliage gleaners, ground gleaner,
sallying bird species were more
abundant in SEG.
•Foliage gleaners, ground gleaner
were more in plantations with native
tree cover.
•Ground gleaner and foliage gleaner
were abundant in silver oak
plantations in moist deciduous
region.
•Foliage gleaner, ground gleaner
and sallying bird species were more
abundant in plantations with native
tree cover
•Foliage gleaner and ground gleaner
were more in silver oak plantations
in semi-evergreen area.
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Endemic Birds of Western Ghats
Endemic Species
Habitats
Hornbill
SEG, MD
Malabar Parakeet
SEG, MD
Nilgiri Flycatcher
SEG, MD
White-bellied Treepie
SEG, MD
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•
Out of 16 endemic bird
species of Western Ghats, 4
endemic
species
viz.,
Malabar
Grey
Hornbill,
Malabar Parakeet, Nilgiri
Flycatcher,
White-bellied
Treepie were recognised in
both SEG & MD.
•
Nilgiri Flycatcher is one of
the
Threatened
species
was recognised in both SEG
& MD as per Islam and
Rahmani (2002).
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In a nutshell
•The management practices in coffee plantation
to give importance for retention of native tree
species in the shade layer and native forests in
the landscape are necessary.
•Coffee plantations play an important role in the
maintenance of diverse bird populations in
Kodagu, and as a dry season refuge for mobile
populations of omnivores, frugivores and
nectarivores.
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