Transcript Smallholder timber production

Smallholder timber production:
cutting the right balance between germplasm,
silvicultural, social, economic and
environmental factors
Tony Simons
World Agroforestry Centre
November 2004
Smallholder timber production
1. Timber supply problems
2. Options for tree growing
3. Timber trees in agroforestry systems
4. Timber species trials
5. Points for intervention
6. Concluding remarks
1. Timber supply problems
• High rates of deforestation in many countries
• Problems sourcing sustainably produced wood
• Margins are becoming lower for retailers
• Plantations do exist (much immature, many poorly managed)
• Several public-led reforestation schemes have failed
- target mentality (seedlings produced not trees harvested)
- inadequate species-site matching
- confusion of conservation, protection and production forestry
- not involved local communities sufficiently
• Overly restrictive permits and regulation
Small-holder timber
Opportunities
• low labour requirement
• green labelling
• collective marketing
• national PRSPs
• lower risk of fire
Problems
• low farmgate prices
• poor valuation skills of farmers
• poor management skills (“plant and forget” mentality)
• low availability of planting stock
• inadequate species choice
• lack of linkages between sawmillers and farmers
Timber brands
African mahogany
Iroko
Sapele
Utile
Wawa
- Khaya spp.
- Milicia excelsa
- Entandrophragma cylindricum
- Entandrophragma utile
- Triplochiton scleroxylon
African
Brazil mahogany
Curapixa
Jatoba
- Swietenia macrophylla
- Adenanthera macrocarpa
- Hymanea coubaril
South American
Keruing
Meranti
Seraya
Teak
- Dipterocarpus spp.
- Shorea spp.
- Shorea spp. (Sabah)
- Tectona grandis (Myanmar)
Acacia
Cypress
Eucalypt
Falcata
Gmelina
Pine
Silky oak
- Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium
- Cupressus spp.
- Eucalyptus spp.
- Paraserianthes falcataria
- Gmelina arborea
- Pinus spp.
- Grevillea robusta
American oak
Cherry
European oak
European beech
Walnut
- Quercus rubra, Q. alba
- Prunus spp.
- Quercus robur, Q. petraea
- Fagus spp.
- Juglans spp.
SE Asian
Plantation – tropics
Temperate
Value of tropical timber
Teak and mahogany can fetch up to
US$4000 per m3 as dressed
1” x 8” x 8’ boards
Wholesale:
Softwood $30 - $150 per m3
Hardwood $100 - $500 per m3
(wood as carbon $1 - $5 per m3)
2. Options for tree growing
Natural Forest
Plantations
On farms
Trees in the landscape (tropics)
(in millions of
hectares)
Agricultural
land
Natural
forest
Timber
plantation
Total
land area
AFRICA
984
492
3
2,236
(44%)
(22%)
(0.1%)
415
831
8
(30%)
(60%)
(0.6%)
339
279
69
(40%)
(33%)
(8.5%)
1,738
1,602
80
(39%)
(36%)
(0.7%)
L. AMERICA
ASIA
TOTAL
1,385
847
4,468
Forests and timber
SOURCE
TYPE
PURPOSE
concessionaires
public lands
FD production forestry
CBFM
watershed protection
Natural Forest
conservation
company
private lands
community
individual
private
Forest Plantations
watershed protection
government
production forestry
outgrowers
On Farms
collectives
independents
logs
Imports
sawnwood
ply, veneer
Under-exploited
opportunity
Small-holder
production
Large-holder
production
Small-scale
saw mill
Large-scale
saw mill
Independent
growers
Out-grower
schemes
Industrial
plantations
3. Timber trees in agroforestry systems
N
Tea
Sweet
potato
path
Maize
50m
100m
Grevillea
Cupressus
Eucalyptus
Croton
Commiphora
robusta
spp
saligna
megalocarpus
without & with Yam
Persea
Macadamia
Eriobotorya
Bridelia
Americana
tetraphylla
japonica
micran
tha
Farmer timber tree survey
160
140
Preference weighting
120
Central Meru
100
Embu
80
Nyeri
60
40
20
Pinus patula
Prunus africana
Species
Vitex keniensis
Ocotea
usambarensis
Eucalyptus
saligna
Cupressus
lusitanica
Cordia africana
Grevillea robusta
0
Farmer preferences of traits for improvement, were:
faster growth (28%), larger diameter (22%), straighter stem (17%)
(Survey 120 households; Betser unpubl.)
125
Firewood
Cameroon
200
boundary
fruit
firewood
medicine
construction
soil fertility
fodder
Uganda
175
100
150
Medicine
75
75
Timber
50
50
Fruit
25
Number of species
100
Number of species
200
125
fruit
firewood
medicine
construction
soil fertility
fodder
150
125
125
100
100
75
75
50
50
25
25
25
Soil fert.
Fodder
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
0
0
0
40
10
20
30
175
175
boundary
fruit
firewood
medicine
construction
soil fertility
fodder
Western Kenya
125
125
75
75
50
50
25
25
0
0
50
75
100
125
Number of farms
70
80
90
100
110
125
Meru, Kenya
100
100
25
60
boundary
fruit/nut
firewood
medicine
construction
fodder
150
100
0
50
125
150
175
200
Number of species
150
40
Number of farms
Number of farms
Number of species
175
100
75
75
50
50
25
25
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
Number of farms
25
30
35
Imagine there are 155 trees of 16 species in a farmer’s
field of 1.6 hectares. We can do one of 4 things …..
Woody Interventions
A. Replacement
harvest Grevillea, replant with
Grevillea (improved or not)
B. Substitution
harvest Grevillea, replant with Vitex
C. Expansion
increase number of trees from 155,
and increase number of species from
16 of both planted and nat. reg. trees
D. Management
better manage existing and new trees
(spacing, thinning, pruning, harvesting)
Replacement and Substitution
SPECIES
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
** -
Rotation
AGE
12
8
33
3
19
80**
25
9
total no.
trees/farm
%
planted
5
45
2
108
7
12
17
31
coppicing species (e.g. Eucalyptus)
35
88
100
100
92
85
91
64
Demand
per year
per farm
0.14
4.95
0.06
36.0
0.33
0.13
0.62
2.20
4. Types of trials
A. Species trials
B. Species/provenance trials
C. Provenance tests
D. Provenance/family trials
E. Family (progeny) tests
F. Clonal trials
G. Management trials
A. Species trials
•
Four kinds
- Elimination (> 10 species, arboreta)
- Comparative (2-10 species)
- Proving trials (1-2 species)
- Modelling (e.g. WaNuLCaS)
•
What is the species required for? Timber only?
•
How many species are available?
•
What is likely to grow well? (species-site matching)
•
Exotic/indigenous?
•
Does the seedlot represent the species? (# prov.)
•
Careful if species have contrasting growth
A. Species trials (cont.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Appropriate plot designs: (usually with border trees/rows)
- blocks (square, rectangular)
- lines
Plant at final spacing or thin? (50% diagonally)
What is the control?
Beware of confounding (species x management)
Problems arise if survival is moderate to low
Need sufficient number of trees (>50 trees)
Although often suggested, few species mixtures
Encourage correct botanic nomenclature
Biosafety considerations (weediness, quarantine)
Square plots (measured trees/total)
3 x 3 (1/9)
4 x 4 (4/16)
5 x 5 (9/25)
6 x 6 (16/36)
7 x 7 (25/49)
8 x 8 (36/64)
Timber volume at 8 years, Embu, Kenya
Prov. A
Prov. B
Prov. C
Species 1
40
70
90
Species 2
60
110
70
Species 3
100
80
60
36.8
Species A
40.1
Species B
Fruit yield (kg)
36.8
Species A
40.1
Species B
Timber volume (m3) at 48 months
B. Species/provenance trials
• Several provenances tested per species
• Objective: (a) to identify best species
(b) to identify best provenance (s,xs)
• Not necessary to have equal numbers of
provenances per species, but if unbalanced be
cautious with species comparisons
• Design and analysis is more complex
C. Provenance tests
• expect 2-5 fold differences between provenances
• ensure seedlot has broad genetic base
(>30 parent trees)
• depending on objectives and species, then
need 100-400 trees
• is the material well documented?
• can you get more seed if it is needed?
• do you plan to convert the trial to a seed stand?
• where most G x E tests are done (interpret/use?)
• to date few done on farm, more could be
D. Provenance/family trials
• Several families tested per provenance
• Objective: (a) to identify best provenances
(b) to identify best families (p,xp)
(c) to calculate genetic parameters
• Not necessary to have equal numbers of
families per provenance, but if unbalanced be
cautious with provenance comparisons
• Require >30 families per provenance
• Design and analysis is most complex
E. Family (progeny) tests
• Used for calculating genetic parameters (s.e.)
- these are age, site, population, trait specific
• Used to identify best families (backward seln - cso)
• Used to identify next parents (forward seln)
• Used for phenology studies, breeding system
• Can be full-sib (we know mother and father) or
half-sib (we know only mother)
• Require >30 families, many more for family seln
• Generally require >20 trees per family
F. Clonal trials
• To observe clonal differences for selection
• To determine clonal repeatability
• To determine any “c” effects
• Can be used for clonal seed orchards, if rogue
• Can be used to set up mother blocks, if rogue
• Good for mating system experiments
G. Management trials
• careful to ensure relevance to on-farm conditions
• can investigate individual factors and interactions:
- spacing
- thinning
- watering
- pruning
- fertilising
- shading
- microsymbionts
- topworking, grafting, budding
- nursery carry-over experiments
Genetic gains from different improvement strategies
Increasing value
200%
Intensive breeding with
shortened flowering cycle
and clonal propagation
150%
SSO - 3
SSO - 2
100%
2000
0%
“Conventional” breeding
with open-pollinated
seed production areas
SSO - 1
Field trials of
best natural
provenances
2004
Time (years)
2008
2012
2016
2020
Unmanaged genetic
resources on farms
2-year stem volume
Acacia mangium seed source trial:
Panampally, Tamil Nadu, India
50
40
30
20
10
0
Seed orchard
Best natural
provenance
Land race
3-year stem volume
Acacia auriculiformis seed source trial:
Kuiburi, Thailand
250
200
150
100
50
0
Queensland
PNG
NT
Selected progenies from first
generation seed orchard
Thailand select
Thailand –
land race
Unselected
Thai landrace
• Farmers must plant up to five land-race trees to
get the production of one “seed orchard” tree
• Unmanaged build-up of inbreeding can destroy
any genetic gain from provenance selection
Indian land race of A. auriculiformis
5. Points for intervention
1. Tree establishment
2. Tree management
3. Tree harvesting
4. Timber marketing
5. Timber regulation
Points for intervention
- Species choice
1. Tree establishment - Germplasm
- Tree improvement
2. Tree management - Nursery origin
- Propagule type
- Planting density
3. Tree harvesting
- Niche on farm
- Individual, association
4. Timber marketing
- Land/tree tenure
5. Timber regulation
Demand and Supply of Tree Seed
Location of
seed trees
Wild
stands
Plantations
Farms
Supplier/
Collector
Nurseries
NGOs
Farmers
& Assoc.
Users
of seed
Seed
Producers
Farmers
Nursery
Operators
Station
trials
Seed
Dealers
Plantations
NTSCs
Central
Seed orchards
NARIs
Donor
Projects
Research
Trials/SSO Conservation
Sources and types of tree propagule for farmers
Nurseries
Seed
(for direct
seeding and
nurseries)
Seed
dealer
NGO/Govt
Project
On-farm
Nearby farms
or forest
Group
Individual
Central
















Seedling
(nursery raised)
Clone
(cutting, graft,
marcot)
Wilding
(in situ)
Transplanted
wilding
 - occasionally
 - regularly
 - most usually






Australian experience
• Get your species right
• Get your founder material
right
Pinus tecunumanii (unimproved)
was better performing than
4th generation selected
Pinus caribaea
Grevillea robusta
an Australian species introduced to Africa 100+ years ago
Land-race trees in
Kenyan farming landscape
This species is:
• Self-incompatible
• Bird pollinated:
no birds – no seed!
ICRAF / KEFRI genetic
resource stand
of 91 Australian natural-provenance
families at Malava, Kenya
• Contains more genetic variability and
potential for genetic improvement than all
the millions of land-race trees in Africa
Grevillea robusta:
Antoine Kalinganire’s PhD studies
Progenies from
controlled pollinations
among unselected
natural provenance trees
in genetic resource stand
at Malava
Progenies of selected
Kenyan land race trees
second-generation progeny
trial at Malava, Western Kenya
Age 2.5 years
30-month Stem Volume
Grevillea robusta progeny
trial in Western Kenya
200
outcrosses
160
120
sib-crosses
land race
control-pollinated
sib crosses
80
40
0
Control-pollinated progeny
of unselected natural
provenance parents
crossed at Malava
Open-pollinated progeny
of highly selected
Kenyan landrace
plus trees
Tree volume at
15 years
Seln intensity
1 in 10,000
i = 3.96
P0
1.0 m3
ΔG = i x δp x h2
ΔG = 3.96 x 0.18 x 0.27
ΔG = 19.2%
P1
1.192 m3
Tree nurseries
Points for intervention
1. Tree establishment
2. Tree management
3. Tree harvesting
4. Timber marketing
5. Timber regulation
- Pruning
- Thinning
- Weeding
- Fertilisation
- Irrigation
- Pest/disease
- Intercropping
Species with
Species where
no management management
necessary
required
Single
trees
Olea capensis
Prunus africana
Lines
Vitex keniensis
Bridelia micrantha
Blocks
Baikaea plurijuga
Grevillea robusta
Cordia africana
Newtonia buchanii
Farmers imagine the crown size and how
many trees may fit along a boundary
And typically plant boundary/contour trees at final spacing
Of course because of variation in trees and the
micro-site, later we see differences in growth
The challenge is to get farmers to plant at
greater than final spacing
Demonstrations on farmer’s fields are good because
the concepts may be too abstract otherwise
Points for intervention
1. Tree establishment
2. Tree management
3. Tree harvesting
4. Timber marketing
5. Timber regulation
- Age
- Size
- Optimal economic
- Even aged?
- Recovery rate
Transportation
Transport by river
= US$0.01 per m3 per km
Transport by animal
= US$0.05 to US$0.10 per m3 per km
Transport by cart, truck or lorry
= US$0.10 to US$0.20 per m3 per km
Points for intervention
1. Tree establishment
2. Tree management
3. Tree harvesting
4. Timber marketing
5. Timber regulation
- Valuation
- Tree, log, sawnwood
- Other products
- Collective, individual
- Agents, mills, coops
- Contract, independent
Points for intervention
1. Tree establishment
2. Tree management
3. Tree harvesting
4. Timber marketing
5. Timber regulation
- Contracts
- Incentives
- Premiums
- Taxes and levies
- Tariffs and duties
- Legal framework
- Consumer preference
Estimated number of trees to be planted by farm families having
access to knowledge and germplasm generated by ICRAF and its
partners by 2010
Tree Type
No.
families
(millions)
1.9
3.4
6.8
No. trees
(billions)
No. new
species
3.71
0.69
0.17
30
60
65
C stored
(1000
tonnes)
3710
342
16,700
Medicine
2.2
2.3
1.8
0.91
0.75
0.18
45
20
100
1510
5550
Timber
3.8
0.12
80
88,875
5.54
400
116,687
Fallows
Fodder
Fruit
Fuelwood
Live fences
Total
Map: Adoption of fodder shrubs in 26 districts of Kenya:
Distribution of the 30,000 farmers planting fodder trees in Kenya by district, as of 2004
TRANS NZ OIA
7260
Lak e Victo ria
109
TES O
KAKA MEG A
BUTE RE/
MUMIA S
113
LA IKIPIA
257
NA NDI
VIHIGA
110
KIS UM U
NY ANDO
N
MERU CE NTRAL
Mt. Kenya
1000
KERICHO
7539
NY ERI
237
10 - 1 00
101 - 999
100 0 - 49 99
500 0 - 80 00
1177 MERU
168
RA CHUONYO
KIS II
$
NY ANDARUA
NA KURU
Lake Victoria
LEGEN D
Number of farmers
665
246
SIA YA
2054
EMBU
MURANG A KIRINYAG A
NY AMIRA
109
378
GUCHA
SOUT H
6127
MARAG UA
BOM ET
1190
500
KIA MBU
Y Nairobi
#
District B oundary
Major water body
About three quarters of the farmers have planted Calliandra c alothyrsus , about one-third have each planted Leucaena trichandra , or Morus alba .
Data are from Steven Franzel and the projec t, Scaling up the us e of c alliandra and other fodder trees in Eas t Africa, financed by the
United Kingdom D epartment f or International D ev elopment, Project 6549, Forestry R esearch Programme.
Map layers from ILRI and ICRAF.Map compiled by George Aike of GIS Unit, ICRA F - The W orld Agrof orestry Centre.
What are comparative advantages?
For farmer, community, district, country, region
1. Transport infrastructure
2. Strength/weakness of currency
3. Size of adjacent consumer pool
4. Options for green labelling
5. Reliable/regular supply of products
6. Absence of pest/disease
7. Climate, soils suitability
8. Organisation of farmers
9. Enabling policies
10. Cost of labour, inputs
11. Lack of competitors
12. Storage/preservation opportunities
13. Efficient production knowledge
14. Local government support
15. Processors with technologies
16. Appropriate scale of cultivation
Results-based management (RBM) framework for small-holder timber
ACTIVITIES
OUTPUTS
OUTCOMES
IMPACT
Information on sources, types, species
classification compiled/disseminated
Contract, registration, linkage and certification recommendations provided
Improved regulation,
appreciation and
promotion of
small-holder timber
Incentives, permits, tax policies reviewed
and options for reform developed
Profit., acceptability, niches, scale of
SH timber known for various ecozones
Market operations understood, incl.
transport, and improved
Market intelligence system
developed and updated
Farmer valuation and value-adding
skills enhanced
Better functioning
timber and wood
product markets
Enhanced and more
efficient processing
of timber
Sawmiller-farmer linkages developed
and promoted
Info on harvesting, sawing and
grading available and disseminated
Increased association
of and collective action
by poor farmers
Methods for creation of farmer
associations (incl. gender) available
Training and support for
farmer associations provided
Tree management skills of farmers
enhanced
Improved and diverse planting
stock available
Increased and
diversified
incomes
Increased on-farm
planting with more
productive and
diverse trees
More resilient and
diverse agricultural
and associated
forest landscapes
Wooden it be great
if there were
more timber trees
on farm