Transcript Chapter 11

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity:
The Ecosystem Approach
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 11
Key Concepts
 Human land use
 Types and uses of US public lands
 Forests and forest management
 Implications of deforestation
 Management of parks
 Establishment and management of
nature preserves
 Importance of ecological restoration
Section 1
Factors Increasing Biodiversity
 Middle stage of succession
 Moderate environmental disturbance
 Small changes in environmental conditions
 Physically diverse habitat
 Evolution
Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 195
Factors Decreasing Biodiversity
 Extreme environmental conditions
 Large environmental disturbance
 Intense environmental stress
 Severe shortages of resources
 Nonnative species introduction
 Geographic isolation
Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 195
Human Activities and Biodiversity
Fig. 11-3 p. 195
Importance of Biodiversity
 Intrinsic value
 Instrumental value
 Existence value
 Aesthetic value
 Bequest value
Solutions for Protecting Biodiversity
Fig. 11-5 p. 197
Section 2
Conservation Biology
 Multidisciplinary science
 Emergency response
 Identify “hot spots”
 Rapid Assessment Teams
 Based on Leopold’s ethics
Section 3
Types of US Public Lands
 Multiple-use lands: National Forests;
National Resource Lands
 Moderately-restricted use lands:
National Wildlife Refuges
 Restricted-use lands: National Park System;
National Wilderness Preservation System
US Public Lands
Fig. 11-6 p. 198
Managing US Public Land
Biodiversity and ecological function
No subsidies or tax breaks for use
Public should get fair compensation
Users held responsible for actions
Section 4
Types of Forests
Old-growth (frontier) forests
Second-growth forests
Tree farms/plantation
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of Forests
Refer to Fig. 11-7 p. 200
 Food webs and energy flow
 Protect soils from erosion
 Local and regional climate
 Numerous habitats and niches
 Air purification
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of Forests
Refer to Fig. 11-7 p. 200
 Fuelwood
 Lumber
 Paper
 Livestock grazing
 Mineral extraction and recreation
Forest Management
Rotation cycle
Even-aged management
Uneven-aged management
Improved diversity
Sustainable production
Multiple-use
Management Strategies: Rotation Cycles
Fig. 11-8 p. 201
Roads Lead to Forest Degradation
Increased erosion and runoff
Habitat fragmentation
Pathways for exotic species
Accessibility to humans
Fig. 11-9 p. 201
Harvesting Trees
 Selective cutting
 High-grading
 Shelterwood cutting
 Seed-tree cutting
 Clear-cutting
 Strip cutting
Fig. 11-10e p. 202
Sustainable Forestry
Longer rotations
Selective or strip cutting
Minimize fragmentation
Improved road building techniques
Certify sustainable grown
(See Solutions, Fig. 11-13 p. 205)
Section 5
Insect and Pathogen Threats to
U.S. Forests
Sudden oak death
White pine blister rust
Pine shoot beetle
Beech bark disease
Hemlock woolly adelgid
See Fig. 11-14 p. 207
Fire
Surface fires
Crown fires
Fig. 11-15 p. 208
Logging in U.S. National Forests
 Provides local jobs
 Provides only 3% of timber
 Increases environmental
damage
 Hinders recreation
income
Fig. 11-16 p. 210
Section 6
Tropical Deforestation: Consequences
 Rapid and increasing
 Loss of biodiversity
 Loss of resources (e.g., medicines)
 Contributes to global warming
Tropical Deforestation: Causes
Fig. 11-18 p. 212
Reducing Tropical Deforestation
 Encourage protection of large tracts
 Sustainable tropical agriculture
 Debt-for-nature swaps
 Reduce illegal cutting
 Reducing poverty and population growth
Refer to Fig. 11-19 p. 213
Section 7
Managing and Sustaining National
Parks
 Inadequate protection
 Often too small to sustain biodiversity
 Invasions by nonnative species
 Too many human visitors
 Traffic jams and air pollution
 Better pay for park staff
Also refer to Fig. 11-29 p. 215
Establishing, Designing, and
Managing Nature Reserves
 Include moderate to large tracts of land
 Involve government, private sector and citizens
 Biosphere reserves
 Adaptive ecosystem management
 Protect most important areas (“hot spots”)
 Wilderness areas
Section 8
Ecological Restoration
Restoration
Rehabilitation
Remediation
See Individuals Matter p. 214
Replacement
Creating artificial ecosystems
Ecological Restoration: Basic Principles
Mimic nature
Recreate lost niches
Rely on pioneer species
Control nonnative species
Reconnect small patches