Transcript Organization of Life

Organization of Life
Chapter 4
Ecosystems
•
•
•
All of the organisms living in an area
together along with their physical
environment
Everything is connected – dirt
(erosion), water, animals, and birds
migrate from one ecosystem to
another
Read intro paragraph page 93
Look at the picture on Page 92
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Identify ways in which the ecosystem is organized
List the possible interactions between organisms in
this photo
1. Sponges grow on coral
2. Animals hide in coral
3. Water provides nutrients
4. Animals in the coral reef: sponges, sea worms,
crustaceans, mollusks, sea urchins, jellyfish,
turtles, sea anemones & various fish
5. Coral reefs sensitive to : pollution, fishing,
boating, divers
Components of an Ecosystem
•
•
5 Basic Components
• 1. Energy
• 2. Mineral nutrients
• 3. Water
• 4. Oxygen
• 5. Living Organisms
Analogy: Car Engine – all
components must work and be there
Abiotic Factors
• Nonliving part of an organisms environment
factors include:
• Air current, temperature,
• Moisture, light, soil
Biotic Factors
All the living organisms
that inhabit an environment
All organisms depend on others for food,
Shelter, protection, reproduction
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
st
1
•
Level of Organization
Organism:
An individual
living thing that
is made of cells,
uses energy,
reproduces,
responds, grows,
and develops
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
nd
2
•
Level of Organization
Population:
A group of
organisms, all of
the same species,
which interbreed
and live in the
same place at the
same time.
Compete for
resources such as
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
rd
3
•
Level of Organization
Biological
Community:
All the
populations of
different
species that live
in the same
place and
interact with
each other
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
th
4
•
Level of Organization
Ecosystem:
Populations of plants
and animals that
interact with each
other in a given area
with the abiotic
components of that
area. (terrestrial
or aquatic)
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
Organism
Organism
Ecosystems Poster
•
•
•
Identify all the biotic and abiotic
factors in the area – 10 total
Identify some of the interactions that
take place among the biotic factors
Show what might happen if one factor
were suddenly removed from the area
Angler Fish
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Female grows to 3.5 feet, mouth same size
Above top lip six inch long fishing pole
Orange light at the end of it
Angler fish lives a mile beneath ocean in the
dark
Fishing pole fits into a groove when not fishing
Male is ½ inch long
Mates by sinking his teeth side and then meshes
with her, skin and circulatory mesh
December 10, 2010
•
•
•
•
Finish up Graph for
Variation Activity
Question: What are the
advantages of a bigger
shoe size? What benefit
would this have in
overall survival ?
Notes 4.2
Case Study: Darwin’s
Finches
Natural Variety
• In groups measure each other’s shoe size in
centimeters
• Record in Table
• Construct a bar graph using the results of the
class
• Darwin used examples of variation to explain
the variation within populations and how some
may survive better than others
• ?? Would a bigger or smaller shoe size be
advantageous in populations - what criteria?
4.2 Evolution
•
•
Darwin proposed the theory of Natural Selection or
survival of those most adapted to the environment
due to various genetic variations
Evolution – change in genetic characteristics from
one population to another can be broken down into
two types:
• Macroevolution – change from one species to
another
• Microevolution – variations within a species due
to environmental/hereditary differences or
adaptations
Adaptations: features suited to a
particular environment that allow
organisms to survive
Inuit people, who
live in the extreme
cold of the Arctic,
have short, stout
bodies that
conserve heat.
Masai people,
who live in the
arid lands of
eastern Africa,
have tall, lean
bodies that
disperse heat
well.
Plant Adaptations:
Help!!!
Venus Fly Trap
• Captures
Animals
• Acquires
Minerals
• For Photosynthesis
Leaf Adaptations:
Succulents
•
•
•
Thick
Store Water
Prevent
Drying out
Leaf Adapatations:
Pine Needles
• Shed snow
• Less water loss
• Reduced
surface area
• Tolerate wind
Flower Adaptations:
Fly pollination:
•
Hair along petals
•
Putrid smell
Bee pollination:
•
Smooth petal
•
Sweet smell
Artificial Selection
•
Selective breeding of organisms by
humans for specific characteristics
Dogs bred
originally for
domestication
and hunting
Then later for
showing and
specific forms
Resistance
•
•
•
Ability of one or more
organisms to tolerate a
particular chemical designed to
kill it
Most often seen in insects with
resistance to pesticides
Spraying corn page 101
•
What plant or animal can you
think of that was bred for a
specific purpose? What and
Why?
Classification Activity
6 Kingdoms
Prokaryotes - microscopic no distinct nuclei now
divided into 2 kingdoms, break down, recycle, get
nutrients
1. Archaebacteria - anaerobic (deep)
2. Eubacteria - everywhere 10,000 species
3. Protista -eukaryote lacks a complex organ system
and lives in moist environments, algae
4. Fungi- decomposers, have cell wall, nuclei
5. Plants – multicellular, oxygen producers
6. Animals - Multicellular consumers
Plants
•
Lower Plants
•
Gymnosperms
•
Angiosperms
Animals
•
Invertebrates
•
Vertebrates