Transcript Ecology and Biomes - Effingham County Schools

Ecology
Ecology is the study of interactions between
organisms and their environment; focus is on
energy transfer – It is a science of
relationships!
Why does ecology matter?
Ecologists complete investigations on the
environment, climate change, farming,
energy, food, health, green living, and eco
friendly products, etc..
• Example problems that ecology handles:
– How do humans affect the atmosphere and
contribute to global warming?
– How does the population of wolves in an area
affect the population of rabbits?
– Do clownfish and anemone benefit each other?
Why does ecology matter?
Scenario: Imagine that there is an insect that
lives on peanut plants growing on farms in
Effingham County. Is there a way that we
can limit insect damage to the peanut crops
in order to decrease the price of peanuts at
the store by 20 cents per pound?
Ecology
A. There are two parts of an environment :
1. ____________- all of the organisms that live
together and interact with one another.- Living
factors
Examples: ___________, ______________,
_____________, ________________,
_____________
Ecology
A. There are two parts of an environment :
1. Biotic- all of the organisms that live together
and interact with one another.- Living factors
Examples: ___________, ______________,
_____________, ________________,
_____________
Examples of Biotic Factors in the Environment
• Biotic
means
having to
do with life
or living
organisms.
2. _________________- part of the
environment that includes all of the
physical, nonliving, factors.
Examples: _____________, _____________,
_______________
2. Abiotic- part of the environment that
includes all of the physical, nonliving,
factors.
Examples: _____________, _____________,
_______________
Examles of Abiotic Factors
in the Environment
• Abiotic factors are
characterized by the
absence of life or
living organisms.
• Sunlight, soil,
temperature, and
precipitation are
examples of abiotic
factors in the
environment
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
Go to
Section:
Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
(plant)
Abiotic
(rainwater)
Abiotic or Biotic?
•
•
•
•
•
The air temperature is 45 degrees F = abiotic
The soil is made of rocks and minerals =abiotic
A bird lays eggs = biotic
Bacteria break down dead organisms = biotic
The pH or the water is 2 (acidic) = abiotic
Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
Abiotic
Biotic
Biotic
Which of the following is a relationship
between abiotic and biotic factors?
A) The rain on an open field washes away
soil
B) A hawk hunts a mouse and swoops down
into the forest for the kill
C) A lake has very acidic water which causes
many fish populations to die
Abiotic
D) A deer grazes in a field of grasses
Biotic
Ecosystems
• Ecosystem: An area containing an
interaction of living and non-living factors in
an area/region
• Example ecosystems:
– South Georgia forests (pine forests)
– Coastal Plains of Georgia
– Okefenokee Swamp ecosystem
– Clark’s Hill Lake Ecosystem
The organization of our world!
The earth is a biosphere
Ecosystems are the
living and nonliving
things in an area
Populations are a group
of one type of organism
living in an area
Ecosystem- a community of organisms and
its abiotic environment.
Abiotic + Biotic = Ecosystem
Hierarchy of Biology
• Ecosystems
• Communities
• Populations
• Organisms
• Organ systems
• Organs
• Tissues
• Cells
• Organelles
• Molecules
II. Organization in the Environment
1. _______________the individual.
II. Organization in the Environment
1. Organism- the
individual.
2. __________________group of individuals of
the same species that
live together in the same
area at the same time.
II. Organization in the Environment
1. Organism- the
individual.
2. Population- group of
individuals of the same
species that live together
in the same area at the
same time.
3. ________________- all of the populations of
different species that live and interact in an area.
3. Community- all of the populations of different
species that live and interact in an area.
Animals found on the ocean floor
4. Biomes are areas on earth that can be characterized
by the climate, vegetation, and organisms that live in a
specific environment.
5. ______________
The part of the earth and its atmosphere in
which living organisms exist.
5. Biosphere
The part of the earth and its atmosphere in
which living organisms exist.
Ecological Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
Go to
Section:
1.Tropical Rainforest – hot, humid, heavy
rainfall, tall trees, occur around the
equator, many different species; most
live in the canopy, birds, frogs, snakes,
monkeys
2. Taiga – coniferous forest; long cold
winters; Canada; usually only one or
two types of conifers- evergreen trees
like pines, bear, caribou, deer, elk,
beaver
3. Temperate Deciduous Forest – Eastern
U.S. ; leaves of trees change color,
warm summers and mild winters;
maple, oak, and elm trees, squirrel,
deer, fox
4. Desert – hot in the daytime, cold at
night; dry; Africa; U.S.; Australia,
plants and animals exhibit adaptations
and behaviors that help them conserve
water; cactus, short shrubs, scorpions,
rodents, and snakes.
Tundra
5. Tundra – Cold; permafrost- soil is
permanently frozen; little rainfall;
soggy soil, Arctic; lichen and moss
grow, caribou, arctic fox, arctic hare,
owl.
6. Savanna- tropical grassland with a few
scattered trees; Africa; wet & dry
season, have large grazing animals like
zebra, elephants, giraffes
Prairie – North American Grassland; U.Svery fertile soils
Water
Marine and Freshwater
7. Water Biomes - controlled by abiotic
factors like temperature, salt content,
amount of sunlight that travels thru the
water, distance from the land, and depth of
the water.
A. Three types – marine, estuary, and
freshwater
1. Marine – Base of the food chain is
phytoplankton (producers) and
zooplankton (consumers); ocean and sea
biomes are divided into different zones
2. Estuary – occur where freshwater flows
into salt water; tidal changes cause salt
concentration changes; nutrient rich due to
run-off from land; large numbers of
plankton
3. Freshwater – 3 types depending on speed
of water
A. Fast moving– rivers; producers and
consumers cling to rocks
B. Slow moving- river grows wider as it
approaches the ocean; deltas form due to
sediment build up
C. Still water– lakes and ponds, divided into
different zones; shore, open water, and deep
water
Ecology is also about the interactions
among the organisms and how they rely
on one another.
The long term relationship between two or
more organisms is called
______________.
3. Symbiosis
• A long-term relationship between two or
more species.
Three Types of long term relationships!
1. Mutualism
• A relationship in which both organisms
benefit from each other.
• Cleaner shrimp cleaning a zebra moray eel.
• Bacteria found in human large intestines.
2. Commensalism
• A relationship in which one organism benefits
and the other is unaffected.
Remoras attach themselves to sharks and feed of the
scraps of food that the shark leaves behind.
3. Parasitism
• One organism
benefits while
the other is
harmed.
The parasite is the
organism that
benefits in the
relationship.
The host is harmed