The Origin of Species
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Transcript The Origin of Species
The Origin of
Species
Chapter 24
Basic Patterns of Evolution
Anagenesis one species accumulates
heritable changes, gradually the species
becomes a different species
Cladogenesis branching evolution, one
species to several w/ potential for
interbreeding
Biological Concept of Species
A population or group of populations
whose members have the potential to
interbreed with each other in nature to
produce viable, fertile offspring, but
who cannot produce viable, fertile
offspring with members of other
species
Species are based on interfertility, not
physical similarity
The eastern and western meadowlarks may
have similar shapes and coloration, but
differences in song help prevent interbreeding
between the two species
Humans have considerable diversity,
but we all belong to the same species because
of our capacity to interbreed
How are Species kept separate?
Reproductive Barriers prevents
populations belonging to different
species from interbreeding, even if
their ranges overlap
Reproductive barriers
prezygotic
postzygotic,
Pre zygotic Barriers
Impede mating between species or
hinder fertilization of ova if members
of different species attempt to mate
Habitat
isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Gametic isolation
Post zygotic Barriers
Prevents the hybrid zygote from
developing into a viable, fertile adult
Reduced
hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown
Habitat Isolation
Two organisms that use different
habitats even in the same geographic
area are unlikely to encounter each
other to even attempt mating
Two
species of garter snakes, in the genus
Thamnophis, that occur in the same areas
but because one lives mainly in water and
the other is primarily terrestrial, they
rarely encounter each other.
Behavioral Isolation
Many species use elaborate behaviors
unique to a species to attract mates
Visual Fireflies
Bird plumage
Red Stickleback
Fiddler Crabs
Fruit Fly
Blue Footed Booby
OlfactoryScandinavian
mothPheromones
Auditory: Bird songs, frog calls
Temporal Isolation
Two species that
breed during
different times of
day, different
seasons, or
different years
cannot mix gametes
Flowers
Skunk mating seasons
Frogs
Wood frog 44o
Leopard
Frogs
55o
Green
Frog
60o
Bull Frog
Above 60o
Mechanical Isolation
Closely related species may attempt to
mate but fail because they are
anatomically incompatible and transfer
of sperm is not possible
Flower structure of certain flowering
plants prevents pollination by insects or
other animals
With many insects the male and female
copulatory organs of closely related
species do not fit together, preventing
sperm transfer
Gametic Isolation
Gametes of two species do not form a
zygote because of incompatibilities
preventing fusion or other mechanisms
Sperm/egg recognition
Reproductive Tract unfavorable
Post Zygotic Barriers
Reduced hybrid
viability
Hybrids
may be
frailhybrids
between frogs in the
genus Rana, which do
not complete
development and
those that do are
frail.
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Hybrids may be vigorous but may be infertile and
the hybrid cannot backbreed with either
parental species
Horse (2n = 64)
Donkey (2n = 62)
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Mule (which is
sterile)
Hence, donkeys and
horses are separate
species
Hybrid Breakdown
Some first
generation
hybrids are viable
and fertile, but
when the mate
with one another,
offspring are
feeble
Species Concept
Biological Concept“Species are groups of
actually or potentially interbreeding natural
populations, which are reproductively isolated
from other such groups.” Ernst Mayr.
Morphological species concept, the oldest and
still most practical, defines a species by a
unique set of structural features
Ecological species defines a species in terms
of its ecological niche, the set of
environmental resources that a species uses
and its role in a biological community
Biogeography of Species
Two ways in which
speciation can
occur.
Allopatric
speciation occurs
when a gene pool is
divided into two
Sympatric
speciation occurs
without geographic
separation
Allopatric Speciation
A geographic barrier isolates the
population and species are maintained
Squirrels
on the N/S of the Grand Canyon
Allopatric speciation of squirrels in the
Grand Canyon
Sympatric Speciation
Reproductive isolation without
geographic isolation
Autopoliploidy
Allopolyploidy
Non-random
mating animals
Autopoliploidy
Single parent doubles chromosome #
Results in TETRAPLOIDS
Allopolyploidy
2 different species are involvedpolyploid
hybrid is formed
This is how modern wheat, oats, cotton,
potatoes were developed
More important in plant evolution
Non-random mating animals
Mate choice is based
on coloration
Adaptive Radiation
Evolution of many diversely adapted species from a
common ancestor upon introduction of new
environmental opportunities
Tempo of Speciation
Niles
Eldredge/Steven J.
Gould
Punctuated
Equilibrium
Gradualism
Macroevolution
Leads to new taxonomic groups
Origin of mammals from reptiles
Feathers and flight
Increasing brain size of mammals
Adaptive radiation of flowering plants
Macroevolution
Evolutionary novelties are modified versions of older
structures
Exaptations: Preadaptations
structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted
for another
Ex. Ancestral reptiles
Hollow bones in birds
‘Evolution is like modifying a machine while it is running!’
Evo-Devo
The role evolution has in development
Ex:
Shape of an organism depends on
relative growth rate of its parts
Changes in Rate and Timing
Allometric
Growth
Heterochrony
Paedomorphosis
Changes in Spatial Patterns
Homeotic
Genes
Differential growth rate expanded
time of brain development
Figure 24.19 Allometric growth
Allometric growth: proportional change
Heterochrony
Longer time for foot growth
results in longer digits and less
webbing
Foot growth ends soonershorter digits and more
webbing
Paedomorphosis
Juvenile traits extended to adult
Salamanders that retain gills don’t have to
leave the water
Homeotic Genes
Control the 3D placement of structures
HOX gene organize the embryo in
space
Invertebrates 1 set
Vertebrates several sets more
complex growth