Transcript Chapters 10-14 Abbreviated

Biology 484 – Ethology
Chapters 10 - 14 Abbreviated
Overview of Topics
Chapter 10 – Reproductive
Strategies
10.6 Male and female gametes differ greatly in size
10.7 Parental investment takes many forms
10.8 Sexual behavior differences between sexes may arise from differences in parental investment
10.15 Sexually selected “ornaments” of males
10.16 Males of many species fight, using whatever weapons they have at their disposal
10.18 Dominant male baboons fail to control fertile females as completely as expected (Part 1)
10.18 Dominant male baboons fail to control fertile females as completely as expected (Part 2)
10.21 Satellite male mating tactics
10.26 A male black-winged damselfly removes a rival’s sperm before transferring his own
10.44 Do male ornaments signal good genes? (Part 1)
10.44 Do male ornaments signal good genes? (Part 2)
Biology 484 – Ethology
Chapter 11 – Evolution of Mating
Systems
11.1 The monogamous honey bee drone dies after mating
11.8 Male care of offspring affects fitness in the California mouse
11.11 Paternal male starlings keep their clutches warmer by helping mates incubate their eggs
Chapter 12 – Parental Care
Issues
12.4 Parental care costs female St. Peter’s fish more than it costs males
Parental care can affect males and
females differently. The female in
this fish experiences a greater deficit
than the male.
12.5 Male water bugs provide uniparental care
Why do they do all the work?
-Back brooding behavior
- Increased egg size
- Transition from water to land
12.11 Male baboons intervene on behalf of their own offspring (Part 1)
12.11 Male baboons intervene on behalf of their own offspring (Part 2)
Fathers are more likely to help their offspring than another unrelated
juvenile. How would you anticipate the lineage of 12-15 in
subsequent generations?
12.17 Size of a “brood parasite” nestling relative to its host species determines its survival chances
Size of the bird who parasitizes relative to the “host”
helps determine success.
12.20 A product of an evolutionary arms race? (Part 1)
This bird mimics the
song and appearance of
the Spendid Fairy Wren.
12.20 A product of an evolutionary arms race? (Part 2)
The “host” species.
12.20 A product of an evolutionary arms race? (Part 3)
Another species
of similar size,
looks different
and calls
different and
usually does
not parasitize
the “host”.
12.24 A honest signal of condition?
12.25 The color of the mouth gape affects the amount of food that nestling barn swallows are given
Chapter 13 – Issues Related
to “Cooperation”
13.1 The energy budget of “helpers” in Neolamprologus pulcher (Part 2)
This species of fish is a type of cichlid (not the variety discussed earlier, but
very similar), and will display a wide range of biparental care behaviors.
In the above scenario, we are seeing an even more complex grouping whereby
some non-reproductive fish become “helpers” at the nest site.
13.3 Reproductive interference in a social animal
The acorn
woodpecker is a
bird species that
lives in a
communal nesting
site. Here we
have
REPRODUCTIVE
INTERFERENCE
being shown
where the bird
removes a
nestmate’s egg.
13.5 Effect of parasites on cliff swallow nestlings
From a nest infested with
swallow bugs… note
small size.
From a nest
treated with
insecticide.
13.6 Social living with defensive benefits?
Schooling of fish (these are striped catfish) can reduce predation
pressures and increase survivability of individuals.
13.8 The different categories of helping behavior
Fitness consequences of
different helping behaviors.
13.15 The prisoner’s dilemma
Aka: Game Theory
Direct fitness – fitness gained through
reproduction
Indirect fitness – fitness gained by helping “kin”
Inclusive fitness – the combination of direct and
indirect fittness
Hamilton’s rule – a rare altruistic allele can
become more common in a population only if the
indirect fitness gained by the altruist is greater
than the direct fitness it loses as a result of the
self-sacrificing actions.
13.23 Haplodiploid sex determination in Hymenoptera (Part 3)
13.24 Conflict within ant colonies over reproduction
The center ant is
covered with the
sting scent of the
queen to identify
her as becoming
reproductive.
The three worker
ants hold her in
position to
prevent
reproduction.
A single ant
iimpobolizes another
ant whose ovaries
have begun to
mature.
13.27 Eusocial insects have sterile castes
Many social insects like honeybees
and ants have a sterile caste.
13.28 Suicidal sacrifice by a worker bee
13.30 Haplodiploidy and the evolution of eusociality in the Hymenoptera (Part 1)
13.30 Haplodiploidy and the evolution of eusociality in the Hymenoptera (Part 2)
13.34 A mammal with an effectively sterile caste
Chapter 14 – Human Aspects of
Behavior
Chapter 14 Opener: How can an adaptationist approach be applied to humans?
Can general
concepts of
adaptation be
applied to
humans given
our
tremendous
diversity?
14.1 Cultural traditions are powerful influences on human behavior
Traditional garb for men
in the Dani tribe in New
Guinea consists of a
penis sheath only.
Sociobiology Controversey:
Debate on whether the evolutionary analaysis of HUMAN
behavior is warrented.
Problems suggested by sociobiology:
We humans do not do things just to raise our inclusive
fittness.
Not all human behavior is biologically adaptive
Evolutionary approaches to human behavior may be based
on politically reactionary doctrine that supports social
injustice and inequality.
14.7 Men and women from different cultures show similar mate preferences
14.8 Age and the market value of men
Measured by the # of “Personals” ads by
women for a male of particular age divided
by the number of men of those ages
announcing availability.
14.9 Higher income increases male copulatory success
NPC =
number of
potential
conceptions
14.10 Fertility declines as family income increases in the United States