Transcript ppt檔案 - 國立臺南大學

• MacDonald, D. and K. Service (eds.)(2007), by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Key Topics in
Conservation Biology
• 靜宜大學 生態研究所 自然保育學
鄭先祐 (Ayo)
國立 臺南大學 環境與生態學院
生態科學與技術學系 教授
[email protected]
目錄
Contents I
• 2 Prioritizing choices in conservation
• 3 What is biodiversity worth? Economics as a
problem and a solution
• 4 Impacts of modern molecular genetic
techniques on conservation biology
• 5 the role of metapopulations in conservation
• 6 Managing biodiversity in the light of climate
change: current biological effects and future
impacts
2
目錄
Contents II
• 7 Technology in conservation: a boon but
with small print
• 8 Animal welfare and conservation:
measuring stress in the wild
• 13 Introduced species and the line between
biodiversity conservation and naturalistic
eugenics
• 15 Does sport hunting benefit conservation?
• 16 Can farming and wildlife coexist?
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2 選擇
2 Prioritizing choices in
conservation (2 保育的選擇權重)
•For if one link in nature’s chain might be lost, another
might be lost, until the whole of things will vanish by
piecemeal (零碎的) .
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of EcoSciences and Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
Introduction
2 選擇
• 10%-50% of the world’s biodiversity may
disappear over the next few hundred
years.
• 全球每年花 60億美元，保護biodiversity.
– 產出3萬億美元價值，等於30萬億美元資產。
• 30,000億美元 / 60億美元 = 500倍
– 一般公司，30%投入電腦，5%於建築物。相
對於只有0.02%於 biodiversity。
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2 選擇
4 approaches
 Single species approaches
1. Keystone species
2. Umbrella species
3. Flagship species
4. Indicator species
 Multispecies approaches
 Ecosystem and habitat-based approaches
 Systematic conservation planning
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2 選擇
Methods for setting conservation
priorities of species
• Rule-based methods
• Point scoring method
• Conservation status ranks method
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2 選擇
variables
• Risk (urgency)
• Importance
• Feasibility
• Benefits
• Costs
• Chance of success
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2 選擇
Conclusions
• Different people and organizations, and
different sectors in society, will make
different choices in their value judgments.
• We recommend using more than one
method to set priorities, and the
comparison can be informative.
– Decisions about resource allocation be
formulated more explicitly in terms of
objectives, constraints and costs.
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3 經濟
3 What is biodiversity worth?
Economics as a problem and a
solution (3 生物多樣性的價值？
經濟是個問題，也是個解決之道)
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and
Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
Contents
3 經濟
• Environmental Conservation is, Welfare
economics
• What does biodiversity do for us?
• Ecological ignorance and economic
ignorance
• The limits to action
• Why are economic incentives(經濟誘因)
relevant?
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3 經濟
Contents
• Does everything have to have a price?
• What do we know about the value of
biodiversity?
1. Ecosystem functions
2. Commercial and use values
3. Non-use values
4. Ecosystem resilience
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3 經濟
Conclusions
• The first step is to estimate the economic
values of biodiversity
• The second step is to develop markets for the
biodiversity benefits
• The third step is to strengthen the business
case for biodiversity.
• The fourth step, to support biodiversity
maintenance and recovery
•There is no higher priority for conservation
biologist than to improve their understanding of
economics.
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4 分生
4 Impacts of modern molecular
genetic techniques on
conservation biology (4 當代分子
基因技術對保育生物學的影響)
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and
Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
4 分生
Introduction
1. Identification
2. Detection of hybrid zones and admixed
populations
3. Quantification of dispersal and gene flow
4. Estimation of current and historical population
size
5. Assessment of parentage, relatedness,
reproductive success, mating systems and social
organization
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Contents
4 分生
• Systematics and hybridization
• Non-invasive sampling(非入侵的取樣) and
population size estimation
• Genetic diversity within populations
• Gene flow among populations
• Effective population size
• Genetic bottlenecks
• Detecting selection and local adaptation
• Forensic genetics and conservation
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4 分生
The future
• Non-invasive and forensic techniques will
become standard tools.
• Rapid identification of genes had been
achieved by the systematic sequencing of
cDNA libraries.
• The first rule of intelligent tinkering(修補者) is
to keep the parts.
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5 關聯
5 the role of metapopulations
in conservation (5 關聯族群於
保育的角色)
• Nothing in the world is single; all things, by a law
divine, in one another’s being mingle (混合).
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and
Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
5 關聯
Introduction
•
Review the potential applications of
metapopulation concepts and models in
reserve design and conservation
management. We emphasize:
1. The viability of a population
2. Requires models
3. The principle limitation is the single-species
focus.
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5 關聯
Contents
• Concepts
• Issues and options
• Do metapopulations need models?
• Current limitations and dilemmas
• Conclusions
20
5 關聯
Concepts
• Metapopulation
• Sink and source
• Habitat corridors
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Issues and options
5 關聯
• Does conservation need metapopulation
concepts?
• Environmental impacts in a metapopulation
context
• Conservation and management in a
metapopulation context
– Reserve design
– Translocation and reintroduction
– Connectivity and habitat corridors
– Sources and sinks
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5 關聯
Do metapopulations need models?
• Metapopulation concepts 本身就內含有模
式(models)
• 重要：
– 經營管理的實驗室操作(experimental
manipulations) 的選擇
– Endangered status of species
– Evaluating management actions
– 物種的可持續性
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5 關聯
Current limitations and dilemmas
• Single-species focus
• Definition and delineation of populations
in a metapopulation
• Assumptions of metapopulation models
– Colonization matches extinction
– Independent dynamics of local populations
– Static habitat
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Conclusions
5 關聯
• Metapopulation models have been essential to
the management of many species.
• Many species live in naturally heterogeneous or
artificially fragmented landscapes, and decisions
on their conservation and management should
consider metapopulation concepts and models.
• There is nothing in this world constant, but
inconstancy.
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6 氣候
6 Managing biodiversity in the
light of climate change: current
biological effects and future
impacts (6 氣候變遷下生物多樣性
的管理：目前生物影響和未來的衝擊)
•Now there is one outstandingly important fact
regarding Spaceship Earth, and that is that no
instruction book come with it.
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and
Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
Introduction
6 氣候
• Climate is one of the primary controls on
species diversity and distribution globally, and
past climate changes have surely modified
biodiversity.
• Climate change must become an integral
consideration in conservation.
• Lessons from patterns of palaeo-climatic
change
• The magnitude and nature of climatic change
• Uncertainty and the skeptics (懷疑者)
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6 氣候
The impacts of climate change on
flora and fauna
• Density and range shifts
• Climate change and phenology
– Phenology(物候學) – the study of the timing of
such ecological events as when flowers
bloom or when migrants arrive – has already
revealed numerous shifts seemingly
associated with climate change.
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6 氣候
Management and policy implication
• Carbon mitigation(減碳) and the new
carbon economy (碳經濟)
• Adaptation
– Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
proposal
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Conclusions
6 氣候
• Climate change is an environmental
challenge unprecedented in historical times.
• Projected future rapid climate change.
• The study of climate change, and
interaction with numerous other complex
factors that together impact biodiversity, is
an immense(無限的), daunting(令人氣餒的 ),
but urgent(急迫的) challenge for the 21st
century.
•Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored.
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7 技術
7 Technology in conservation:
a boon but with small print
(7 保育的技術)
• the real question is not whether machines think,
but whether men do?
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and
Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
7 技術
Introduction
• Microelectronics revolution of the late
twentieth century
• 介紹這方面的議題(issues)，而不是技術
• 提供worldwide web links and reference
for those who crave more (Table 7.1)
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7 技術
Contents
• introduction
• Crucial issues, problems and dilemmas
• Future requirements, directions and solutions
– A lack of information and experts
– Wireless communications: device to device and device
to person
– Smart systems in the wild with desk-top control
– Software, hardware, miniaturization and power
efficiency
• Conclusions
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7 技術
Crucial issues, problems and
dilemmas
• The evidence-based approach
• Device accuracy and sensor sensitivity
– Error in contact and non-contact devices
– Human error
• Scientific, ethical, practical and financial
considerations: effects on data quality and
quantity
• Understanding the limits of a chosen technology
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Conclusions
7 技術
• We are on the verge of a fundamental
breakthrough in understanding the biology of
animals in the wild because we can take the
laboratory, with all its technological capacity for
quantification, into the field.
• The silicon chip industry has given us eyes where
we were blind, memories when we were fatigued
and powers of information transmission that
transcend the hindrance of space.
• One machine can do the work of fifty ordinary men.
No machine can do the work of one extraordinary man.
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8 福利
8 Animal welfare and
conservation: measuring stress
in the wild (8 動物福利與保育)
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and
Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
8 福利
Introduction
• Why should there be a essay on animal
welfare in a book about conservation
biology?
• Animal right (動物權) and animal welfare
(動物福利)
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8 福利
Contents
• Welfare and conservation
– Only living animals that can suffer can have
welfare considerations.
– The animals should not suffer without good
reason.
• Measuring stress：an evidence-base for
welfare in conservation biology.
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8 福利
Types of stress
• Cost measures- those based on the
biological cost of stress;
• Defense measures – those based on the
magnitude of the defense system raised
against the stressor.
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8 福利
Current issues and approaches in
stress measurement
• Non-invasive measures of stress
• Faecal cortisol analysis
• Body weight change as a measure of
stress
• Remote monitoring devices and animal
behavior
• Measuring stress in captured animals
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8 福利
Solutions: a validated approach to
measuring stress in the wild
• Table 81. summarizes some of the
possible measures that could be used.
• The welfare of each is bound up in the
welfare of all.
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13 引入
13 Introduced species and the
line between biodiversity
conservation and naturalistic
eugenics (13 引入種，以及生物多樣性
保育與自然優生的界線)
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and
Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
13 引入
Introduction
• Introduced species(引入種)– those
transported by people beyond their
natural geographical range.
• Invasive species(入侵種)– an introduced
species is successful in colonizing large
areas or reaching high numbers
• Malign invasive(有害的入侵)
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13 引入
Harmless introductions
• The ten-ten rule raise the question of why
so many introductions, including some
that turn out to be successful or even
invasive, appear harmless.
– Natural ecosystems have plenty of vacant
niche space.
– The impacts of introductions have been
inadequately measured.
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13 引入
人為 vs. 自然
• The distinction between introductions and
natural colonists is becoming increasingly
blurred.
• Are invasive species different from any
others?
– r-selected species vs. K-selected species
45
Contents
13 引入
• Ecological effects of invasive species
– Predation and herbivory
– Effects of competition
– Effects of disease
– Effects of hybridization
– The special case of domestics
• Management options for invasive species
• Conclusions
46
13 引入
Conclusions
• The record of human redistribution of
species is an extended tragedy of errors.
• We must start from where we are, not
from where we might wish to be, and
different mixes of incommensurable
values can and should lead to different
judgements.
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15 狩獵
15 Does sport hunting benefit
conservation? (15 遊憩狩獵對
保育是否有利？)
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and
Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
15 狩獵
Introduction
• When poorly regulated, hunting can be –
historically often has been– damaging to the
target population.
• However, the impact of hunting on population
dynamics can be complex and difficult to quantify.
• Sport hunting and nature conservation have both
been part of human culture from the earliest
times.
• Fig. 15.1 illustrating the relationship between
sport-hunting and conservation.
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15 狩獵
Key issues
1. Hunting raises revenue? Be used to benefit
conservation?
2. Offset the opportunity costs in poor
communities
3. Affects the conservation of habitat and
biodiversity
4. Any subtle side-effects affecting hunted
populations.
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Contents
15 狩獵
• What is sport hunting?
• Sport hunting as an economic driver
• Linking conservation benefits with attitudes to
wildlife
• Direct ecological effects of sport hunting
• What role should sport hunting play in
contemporary conservation?
• Conclusion
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15 狩獵
Conclusion
• Sport hunting can benefit conservation in
a number of ways.
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16 農業
16 Can farming and wildlife
coexist? (16 農業與野生動物
可否共同存在？)
• What is a weed (雜草)? A plant whose virtues have not
yet been discovered.
Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo)
Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and
Eco-technology
National University of Tainan
16 農業
Introduction
• Agriculture 與 自然體系：競爭 (inherent
competition) 陽光(能量) 與空間
• Farming and wildlife can coexist only by
recognizing(認識) and reconciling (調和)
this inherent conflict of interest.
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16 農業
Contents
• Biodiversity and the farmed landscape
• The costs of conservation
• Farmers as custodians of the countryside
• The role of research
• Changing farming systems
• Consumer choice
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Conclusions
16 農業
• Finding strategies to reconcile the demands of
food production, environmental services, rural
development and the preservation of biodiversity
will be helped by devising not only national, but
international, links between the different
components of these problems, blending the
disciplines of economics, social and biological
sciences, and bringing about the realization that
environmental issues need to be addressed not
only by land managers, policy makers and
conservationists, but by everyone.
• Live as if you’ll die tomorrow, but farm as if you’ll live forever.
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問題與討論
[email protected]
• Ayo 台南 NUTN 站
http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/
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