Transcript Chapter 34
Chapter 27 Behavior Stimulus - any kind of signal, or change in the environment Response - specific reaction to a stimulus 1200 http://www.freemosquitoringtones.org/ innate behavior - instinct, inborn behavior Genetic All members of a species will exhibit the behavior fully functional when performed first time Ex: spider spinning web, nest building in birds, human smile learned behavior: acquired behavior 4 types of learning 1. habituation - animal decreases or stops its response to a repeated stimulus that neither rewards nor harms classical conditioning: animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and reward 2 • Ex: Pavlov’s dogs Operant conditioning: animal learns to behave in a certain way to receive an award (or to avoid punishment) 3 • • • trial and error learning may begin with a random event resulting in a reward Ex: Skinner box, gambling, grades, paycheck insight learning (reasoning): most complex type of learning 4 • • Use learned information to solve a new problem Ex: making & using tools, math, etc… Intelligence of Crows Joshua Klein: Intelligence of Crows Patterns of Behavior: behavioral cycles migration: movement from one place to another, then back again influenced by the seasons Patterns of Behavior: behavioral cycles Circadian rhythms: behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns Ex: daily sleeping pattern Man’s sleep-waking cycle seldom runs exactly 24 hours: An English cave expert who spent 105 days alone underground found that he tended to fall asleep a little later every night; his internal “day” averaged 24.7 hours. In some cases, the cycle can be experimentally reset to a slightly different period. Nathaniel Kleitman, an American expert who has studied sleep from many standpoints, proved this during a stay of several weeks in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, with an associate, Bruce Richardson. The two scientists put themselves on a 28-hour day for 32 days. Their body temperatures, which seem to be the most useful index of the body’s circadian changes, were recorded at frequent intervals. Richardson adjusted to the abnormal days with no difficulty; his temperature regularly hit a peak during waking hours and a trough while he slept. Kleitman’s body, however, clung stubbornly to its 24hour-day cycle; as a result, he was frequently sleepy and irritable during the day and restless at night. Patterns of Behavior: behavioral cycles Courtship: individual sends stimuli (visual, sounds, pheromones, etc…) to attract a mate Ex: fireflies, moths Ritual: done by all members of a species For species recognition Helps female select a mate Ex: bowerbirds, spiders Social Behavior: group behavior Strength in numbers Division of labor ex: bees, wasps, termites, humans & other primates, mammals, etc… prisoner’s dilemma society: group of closely related animals of the same species that work together for the benefit of the group Tai Chimp video xenophobia: fear of strangers or foreigners ethnocentrism: the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is the most important and that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. Milgram shock experiment Stanford prison experiment Territory: area occupied & protected by individual or group Area contains limited resources food, water, etc… Ex: many mammals are territorial Aggression: threatening behavior used to gain control Used to: •defend territory •determine hierarchy •predation Communication: pass information from one individual to another Visual: used by animals with good vision ex: birds Chemical: information passed through smell ex: pheromone Sound: information passed through noise ex: crickets, frogs, birds, whales language: most complex form of communication ant trail simulation TED: marine imprinting: young animals learn to recognize and follow a moving object (mother) dormancy: period of inactivity •hibernation: during winter •ex: bear (7 months) •aestivation: during summer •ex: the water-holding frog (Cyclorana platycephala) genetic behavior Bee Care-Taking Polygenic trait: one for un-capping, one for removing dead young L to J Biology 10 9 8 Correct 7 Expected Correct 2nd Period Ave 3rd Period Ave 4th Period Ave 5th Period Ave 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Week 7 8 9 10 neoteny: youthful traits retained in adults. Probably results from sexual selection. • flat face & vaulted forehead in humans • less hair in humans • thick lips in humans • playfulness in dogs